A cross section of a single-pipe ap

A cross section of a single-pipe apparatus used at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology [21] is shown in Fig. 12. It consists of a cylindrical vessel approximately half filled with water and with an axisymmetric pipe extending down into the pool from above. At the beginning of a test, a valve is opened at the top end of the central pipe exposing it to a constant pressure plenum. Gas in the plenum flows through an orifice in the pipe and then into the lower pressure cylindrical tank by displacing water initially in the pipe.