Although Iran achieved impressive rates of economic growth and social progress, the shah’s autocratic methods and close relationship with the West, along with striking and persis- tent inequality, alienated large sections of the population. By 1978, domestic unrest had transformed into large-scale reli- gious and political opposition to the shah. In this context, the shah increasingly depended on his government security and intelligence services, which in turn became notorious for vio- lent repression and abuse. Unrest turned into massive dem- onstrations by a diverse set of nationalists, Islamists, Marx- ists, and student groups who united in opposition against the shah. By 1979, the shah had lost his grip on power and op- position groups led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini merged together, leading the shah to finally announce his intention to leave Iran.
On February 1, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran from exile and quickly cemented his leadership by galvaniz- ing a wide array of political groups under the banner of Islam, Iranian nationalism, and a rejection of foreign influence.9 The monarchy was dismantled and replaced with a theocratic re- public guided by Islamic principles. Despite the drastic shift in political power, many of the human rights abuses and po- litical unrest that occurred under the shah continued through the early days of the Islamic Republic. Domestic political tur- moil spilled over into international relations when,
Although Iran achieved impressive rates of economic growth and social progress, the shah’s autocratic methods and close relationship with the West, along with striking and persis- tent inequality, alienated large sections of the population. By 1978, domestic unrest had transformed into large-scale reli- gious and political opposition to the shah. In this context, the shah increasingly depended on his government security and intelligence services, which in turn became notorious for vio- lent repression and abuse. Unrest turned into massive dem- onstrations by a diverse set of nationalists, Islamists, Marx- ists, and student groups who united in opposition against the shah. By 1979, the shah had lost his grip on power and op- position groups led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini merged together, leading the shah to finally announce his intention to leave Iran.On February 1, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran from exile and quickly cemented his leadership by galvaniz- ing a wide array of political groups under the banner of Islam, Iranian nationalism, and a rejection of foreign influence.9 The monarchy was dismantled and replaced with a theocratic re- public guided by Islamic principles. Despite the drastic shift in political power, many of the human rights abuses and po- litical unrest that occurred under the shah continued through the early days of the Islamic Republic. Domestic political tur- moil spilled over into international relations when,
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