Our analysis suggests that increased monitoring of FIB and waterborne pathogens should be prioritized towards surface water sites located in watersheds with nival hydro- meteorological regimes and greater land-use impacts. High frequency and long-term data for such sites will improve our capacity to identify and target source water protection mea- sures towards those that are most vulnerable to climate change impacts on fecal contamination levels and anticipate the need to adjust drinking water treatment disinfection processes so that they safely neutralise microbial pathogens in raw water while also minimising disinfection by product formation in finished water.