the paper. For Table 5, lag interval is determined as 4 and linear trend is tested to exist in the cointegration
space. Both tests suggest the existence of two cointegrating vectors at 5% level. For Table 6, lag interval is
determined as 3 and no trend is tested to exist in the cointegration space. Both tests suggest the existence of
two cointegrating vectors at 5% level. The results indicate, without exception, that real GDP, net value of
fixed assets, total employment and three disaggregated energy consumptions all are cointegrated in the
long run, corroborating the proposition that China is heavily energy-dependent for economic development.
It is worthwhile pointing out the relative lower output effect of oil comparable to other energy product. The
explanation is that though oil becomes more and more important to Chinese economy, due to the fact that
China is coal dependent country and share of oil consumption in total energy consumption is small, the
overall effect of oil to production is relatively small1
. Electricity has the largest output effect due to the fact
that electricity is closely intertwined with all sectors of the society and is efficient way of energy utilization.
5. Vector error-correction and Granger causality analysis
Confirming the existence of cointegration, we proceed to test for Granger causality according to the test
method discussed above. The short-run F-statistics, long-run t-statistics and joint F-statistics are reported.
Before confirming the results, the models in Eqs. (3–6) are subjected to a battery of diagnostic tests for
normality (Jarque–Bera), serial correlation (LM), and parameter instability (CUSUM and CUSUM square).
The error-correction terms in all the models are also checked for unit roots. The Granger causality test
results are reported in Tables 7–10.
From Table 7, it is worth noting that first error-correction term (ECT) (normalizing on LGDP) is only
significant in total energy consumption equation, while the second ECT (normalizing on LAS) is significant
the paper. For Table 5, lag interval is determined as 4 and linear trend is tested to exist in the cointegrationspace. Both tests suggest the existence of two cointegrating vectors at 5% level. For Table 6, lag interval isdetermined as 3 and no trend is tested to exist in the cointegration space. Both tests suggest the existence oftwo cointegrating vectors at 5% level. The results indicate, without exception, that real GDP, net value offixed assets, total employment and three disaggregated energy consumptions all are cointegrated in thelong run, corroborating the proposition that China is heavily energy-dependent for economic development.It is worthwhile pointing out the relative lower output effect of oil comparable to other energy product. Theexplanation is that though oil becomes more and more important to Chinese economy, due to the fact thatChina is coal dependent country and share of oil consumption in total energy consumption is small, theoverall effect of oil to production is relatively small1. Electricity has the largest output effect due to the factthat electricity is closely intertwined with all sectors of the society and is efficient way of energy utilization.5. Vector error-correction and Granger causality analysisConfirming the existence of cointegration, we proceed to test for Granger causality according to the testmethod discussed above. The short-run F-statistics, long-run t-statistics and joint F-statistics are reported.Before confirming the results, the models in Eqs. (3–6) are subjected to a battery of diagnostic tests fornormality (Jarque–Bera), serial correlation (LM), and parameter instability (CUSUM and CUSUM square).The error-correction terms in all the models are also checked for unit roots. The Granger causality testresults are reported in Tables 7–10.From Table 7, it is worth noting that first error-correction term (ECT) (normalizing on LGDP) is onlysignificant in total energy consumption equation, while the second ECT (normalizing on LAS) is significant
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
