Correspondingly, as summarized in a Q3/2013 Developer Economics survey10, web-based applications will increasingly serve as “common denominator” technology for situations in which the developers do not want to write several versions of their applications for different types of devices or operating systems. In general, specific application ecosystems as well as the battle between apps and the Web may become much less relevant since the broader industry trends will increasingly require interoperability between a wide range of devices and platforms. These trends reflect changes in the industry towards multiple device ownership and the end of the dominant era of PCs and smartphones.