on the international, national, and the local (i.e., village) levels,
which seems to be reflected in the cultural differences
identified. With regard to the ongoing theoretical debate on
the role, set and definitions of functions, we suggest strengthening
cultural aspects in empirical TIS analyses. For one specific
function – knowledge diffusion – we propose an extension of the
definition towards knowledge absorption. As for the theoretical
debate on making geographical levels explicit in the functional
approach to TIS, we suggest considering all relevant institutions
in the choice of appropriate geographical levels, instead of solely
relying on the source and usage of technology. Our study is
limited to one single case: mini-grids in Laos. Additional studies
analyzing other technologies in the context of least-developed
countries could improve and extend the findings and help
increasing the generalizability of our findings.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the support of our interview
partners, as well as the support provided by the Mercator
Foundation Switzerland, the Swiss Study Foundation and the
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ). We would also like to thank Volker H. Hoffmann, Staffan
Jacobsson, Joern Huenteler, Jochen Markard and the participants
of the International Sustainability Transitions conference
2012 for their valuable feedback. Finally, we want to thank
Abhishek Malhotra in supporting us with the paper editing