Greenhouse gas reductions of 4–79 %
The greenhouse gas benefi ts of bioethanol used in BEST vary from marginal to substantial (4–79 %). Bioethanol produced from sugarcane in Brazil was the bestperforming supply chain. However, European bioethanol produced using renewable energy and with effi cient nitrogen use also achieved high greenhouse gas emission reductions. Effective implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) is likely to depend on the extent to which EU Member States synergise the use of bioethanol from the best-performing supply chains and make optimal use of high-quality imports.