Quinn and Alexander (2002) continue the new tradition of Doherty and Quinn (1999) by emphasizing the retailing context, though now with the aim of reconciling domestic and international franchising. They develop a two-by-two matrix model, which contrasts domestic options (franchise or not) with international options (franchise or not). Primarily, they address additional possibilities not encountered in the literature, namely that not all companies go through a path from domestic franchising to international franchising.