Leaning histories
According to George Roth (1996), a learning history is a tool that describes what happens in a process of learning and change. It documents 'hard' facts and events, and focuses one what people thought about events, how they perceived their own actions and the differences between people's perceptions. By recreate organ threshing the experience of being there', the learning search history helps readers understand what hap-ledge penned in a way that helps them make more k effective judgments than they would other the offices wise. The purpose of the learning history and users of learning history projects in general is to poring. Duse documentation that provides context and med information for others to learn from. Learning histories are a process for capturing, assessing, and diffusing pilot projects in organizations. to They are in-depth oral histories, with commend ls tarries, that help an organization increase its d effectiveness at learning from deep changes that some parts of the company have been e through. This tool has six major steps, which are summarized below (see Roth 1996. The range and scope of the document and of the audience that is seeking to learn from the or animation’s experience are delineated in a planning stage. The notable results of the improvement effort are specified at this time as well. The subsequent reflective, informal interviews focus on linking notable results with an effort to improve.
1. A series of retrospective, reflective informal interviews is conducted with participants in the learning effort (along with key outsiders) in order to gather perspectives from every significant point of view.
2. A small group of internal staff members and external learning historians takes the raw material from the reflective informal interviews, documents, observations, and other sources and ‘distills’ it into a coherent set of themes relevant to the people seeking to learn from the effort. This analytic effort, based on techniques of qualitative data analysis and the development of grounded theory, builds up the capacity to make sense of improvement efforts and to evaluate them.
3. A written document based on a thematic recitative is prepared This document draws extensively on edited narratives from the inter views Even though the statements are anonymous in all drafts they are checked for factual may with participants before distribution gs pan of any written material
4. A small key group of managers participants in the original effort and others inter in l key earning from their efforts attend a after reading the learning I This validation workshop in the improve the material and review it for accuracy.
5. The learning history document becomes the basis for a series of dissemination work- shops. In the dissemination workshops, people throughout the company address the questions of what the company has learned so far from this program, how they are to judge the pro- gram's success (or lack of success), and how they and the company are to build on what can be learned in order to move forward best with other initiatives. 6.After a series of dissemination workshops there is a review of the learning history effort itself. In this review the people in the organization develop their abilities to conduct learning history efforts, and they consider how they can improve upon the process and adapt it to their own specific needs in the future. In terms of our theoretical framework, we see that this tool focuses on organization-wide learning. Although in some cases learning may encompass only certain departments or even only a core group, the purpose of learning history is to capture experiences with former learning processes in the entire company, The aim of this tool is to trigger Deuteronomy, for learning from past learning and selection on these processes are the core principles this of method when it comes to learning modes, the cognitive learning aspect clearly dominates but certainly a reflection process that involves a large number of employees an organization-wide dissemination workshop will also benefit a corporate learning culture. Lastly, learning histories relate primarily to the diffusion of knowledge, though they do involve all learning phases to a certain extent. Integration and Modification The integration and modification phase prompts the important question of how know- ledge is kept, stored, and secured within the organization and how the organizational knowledge base is altered, modified, and renewed, often, knowledge stored in organizational memories does not reflect current demands for assumptions and norms have not been adapted to new learning and insights. What are the sociological obstacles to the integration of new knowledge and to the modification of dominant mental models and their resulting standard operating procedures? Which of the mental models that are stored in the organizational memory function as start guiding frames of reference for management or as the dominant coalition in top management? How differentiated and inter grated are these emulate models, and to what degree are they constantly being questioned and challenged with anomalous information? It might prove useful to have an inventory of different practices with which to challenge assumptions that are regarded as organizational truth. Are there any barriers, such as tear of failure, that prevent new knowledge from being incorporated into these knowledge systems? To what degree do the existing incentive systems support experimental behavior and mew thinking? Solutions can be found with a wide variety of For the Integration and modification phase, here are a number of tools that help the organizational knowledge base and thereby structure the organization l memory. Because lessons that have been learned are also forgot. lessons ten and because knowledge-bearers leave the organization, this task is crucial in organizations where knowledge is a commodity and a core competency, Many consulting firms that sell knowledge have developed internal information systems (e.g. Global Best Practices' at Arthur Andersen or Power Packs of Knowledge' at Ernst & Young International, 1.td.) that cap turn and store important lessons that have been learned and provide later access to this learn ing. In order to encourage people to store in formation in these databases and to learn from them, organizations have come up with differ ent incentives. To make sure all project results are stored in the knowledge base, McKinsey project managers must file a two-page abstract of their project before they receive the billing code necessary for preparing invoices. At the beginning of each project, Arthur D. Little nominates a project knowledge manager, who is responsible for the documentation of the cor responding knowledge. A number of companies have developed criteria for evaluating both the quality of stored information and its useful to other members of the organization. The results of the evaluations are then used as guides for offering incentives and granting re n addition to these technology-based tools that are useful for storing and retrieving information and knowledge that is in organizational databases, there are many tools that the critical questioning of assumptions within the organizational memory and that help modify, refine, or add new dimensions to the kn an organization. Examples of business-process awareness workshops, self-evaluation as developed by the European Foundation for Quality Manageress on com Let us examine as a tool in this context.
หากลำตามจอร์จรอด (1996), ประวัติศาสตร์การเรียนรู้เป็นเครื่องมือที่อธิบายสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นในกระบวนการเรียนรู้และเปลี่ยนแปลง เอกสารข้อเท็จจริง 'ยาก' และเหตุการณ์ และโฟกัสหนึ่งคนใดคิดว่า เกี่ยวกับเหตุการณ์ วิธีที่พวกเขาถือว่าการกระทำของตนเอง และความแตกต่างระหว่างคนของแนว โดยการสร้างอวัยวะ threshing ประสบการณ์การมี ', ประวัติช่วยให้ผู้อ่านเข้าใจว่าหิ้งหาบเขียนในลักษณะที่ช่วยให้พวกเขาทำให้ k เพิ่มเติมคำพิพากษามีผลมากกว่าที่ทำอื่น ๆ สำนักงานฉลาด ในการค้นหาการเรียนรู้ วัตถุประสงค์ของการเรียนรู้ประวัติศาสตร์และผู้เรียนโครงการประวัติโดยทั่วไปคือการ poring เอกสาร Duse ที่มีบริบทและข้อมูลเม็ดเพื่อให้เรียนรู้จากผู้อื่น หากเรียนรู้ขั้นตอนการจับภาพ ประเมิน และ diffusing โครงการนำร่องในองค์กรได้ พวกเขามีประวัติปากชม มีซักถาม ls tarries ซึ่งช่วยให้องค์กรเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพของ d ที่เรียนรู้จากการเปลี่ยนแปลงลึกที่บางส่วนของบริษัทได้รับผ่านอี เครื่องมือนี้มีขั้นตอนหลักหก ซึ่งสรุปด้านล่าง (ดู 1996 รอด ช่วงและขอบเขต ของเอกสาร และผู้ชมที่แสวงหาการเรียนรู้จากการ หรือประสบการณ์ของภาพเคลื่อนไหวมี delineated ในขั้นวางแผนการ มีระบุผลลัพธ์สำคัญและความพยายามปรับปรุงในขณะนี้เช่น การสัมภาษณ์สะท้อนแสง เป็นต่อมาเน้นเชื่อมโยงผลลัพธ์ที่โดดเด่น ด้วยความพยายามที่จะปรับปรุง 1. ชุดสะท้อนแสง คาดเป็นสัมภาษณ์จะดำเนินการกับผู้เข้าร่วมในความพยายามเรียนรู้ (รวมทั้งบุคคลภายนอกคีย์) เพื่อรวบรวมมุมมองจากทุกมุมมองของจุดสำคัญ 2.กลุ่มขนาดเล็ก ของพนักงานภายใน และภายนอกเรียนนักประวัติศาสตร์ใช้วัตถุดิบจากการสัมภาษณ์ไม่สะท้อนแสง เอกสาร สังเกต และแหล่งอื่น ๆ และ 'distills' มันเป็นชุด coherent ของชุดรูปแบบที่เกี่ยวข้องกับผู้ที่ต้องการจะเรียนรู้จากความพยายาม พยายามสร้าง เทคนิคการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลเชิงคุณภาพและการพัฒนาของทฤษฎีป่นเล็กน้อย สร้างการผลิตที่เหมาะสมของความพยายามปรับปรุง และประเมินได้ 3. เขียนเอกสารตาม recitative เฉพาะเรื่องคือเตรียมนี้เอกสารรางวัลอย่างกว้างขวางในแก้ไข narratives จากมุมมองของอินเตอร์คู่แม้ว่าคำสั่งที่ไม่ระบุชื่อในร่างทั้งหมดที่มีการตรวจสอบสำหรับเดือนพฤษภาคมจริงกับผู้เรียนก่อนแพน gs แจกจ่ายวัสดุการเขียน 4.กลุ่มคีย์ขนาดเล็กของผู้จัดการผู้เข้าร่วมในความพยายามเริ่มต้นและอื่น ๆ อินเตอร์ใน l คีย์รายได้จากความพยายามของพวกเขาเข้าหลังจากการอ่านการเรียนรู้ผมอบรมสอบความถูกต้องในการปรับปรุงวัสดุ และตรวจสอบความถูกต้อง 5. The learning history document becomes the basis for a series of dissemination work- shops. In the dissemination workshops, people throughout the company address the questions of what the company has learned so far from this program, how they are to judge the pro- gram's success (or lack of success), and how they and the company are to build on what can be learned in order to move forward best with other initiatives. 6.After a series of dissemination workshops there is a review of the learning history effort itself. In this review the people in the organization develop their abilities to conduct learning history efforts, and they consider how they can improve upon the process and adapt it to their own specific needs in the future. In terms of our theoretical framework, we see that this tool focuses on organization-wide learning. Although in some cases learning may encompass only certain departments or even only a core group, the purpose of learning history is to capture experiences with former learning processes in the entire company, The aim of this tool is to trigger Deuteronomy, for learning from past learning and selection on these processes are the core principles this of method when it comes to learning modes, the cognitive learning aspect clearly dominates but certainly a reflection process that involves a large number of employees an organization-wide dissemination workshop will also benefit a corporate learning culture. Lastly, learning histories relate primarily to the diffusion of knowledge, though they do involve all learning phases to a certain extent. Integration and Modification The integration and modification phase prompts the important question of how know- ledge is kept, stored, and secured within the organization and how the organizational knowledge base is altered, modified, and renewed, often, knowledge stored in organizational memories does not reflect current demands for assumptions and norms have not been adapted to new learning and insights. What are the sociological obstacles to the integration of new knowledge and to the modification of dominant mental models and their resulting standard operating procedures? Which of the mental models that are stored in the organizational memory function as start guiding frames of reference for management or as the dominant coalition in top management? How differentiated and inter grated are these emulate models, and to what degree are they constantly being questioned and challenged with anomalous information? It might prove useful to have an inventory of different practices with which to challenge assumptions that are regarded as organizational truth. Are there any barriers, such as tear of failure, that prevent new knowledge from being incorporated into these knowledge systems? To what degree do the existing incentive systems support experimental behavior and mew thinking? Solutions can be found with a wide variety of For the Integration and modification phase, here are a number of tools that help the organizational knowledge base and thereby structure the organization l memory. Because lessons that have been learned are also forgot. lessons ten and because knowledge-bearers leave the organization, this task is crucial in organizations where knowledge is a commodity and a core competency, Many consulting firms that sell knowledge have developed internal information systems (e.g. Global Best Practices' at Arthur Andersen or Power Packs of Knowledge' at Ernst & Young International, 1.td.) that cap turn and store important lessons that have been learned and provide later access to this learn ing. In order to encourage people to store in formation in these databases and to learn from them, organizations have come up with differ ent incentives. To make sure all project results are stored in the knowledge base, McKinsey project managers must file a two-page abstract of their project before they receive the billing code necessary for preparing invoices. At the beginning of each project, Arthur D. Little nominates a project knowledge manager, who is responsible for the documentation of the cor responding knowledge. A number of companies have developed criteria for evaluating both the quality of stored information and its useful to other members of the organization. The results of the evaluations are then used as guides for offering incentives and granting re n addition to these technology-based tools that are useful for storing and retrieving information and knowledge that is in organizational databases, there are many tools that the critical questioning of assumptions within the organizational memory and that help modify, refine, or add new dimensions to the kn an organization. Examples of business-process awareness workshops, self-evaluation as developed by the European Foundation for Quality Manageress on com Let us examine as a tool in this context.
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