citizens by planning and providing safe and healthy infrastructures
before settling its citizens in these villages.
A further finding from these study results is that females
from the mining villages have the best chance of accessing
cervical screening. We know that Zimbabwe’s economy is
heavily subsidized by the mining industry, and we described
how the private cooperatives provide for their workers. It is
not surprising that females from the mining villages have the
best opportunities to access cervical screening, as long as they
are encouraged by healthcare providers to do so and are
taught about the importance of regular screening and checkups.
We also know that the village mine health centers are
staffed by licensed nurses and doctors and have the best
equipment to keep their workforce and families healthy.
Knowledge of the impact of status of females on cervical
screening is a major finding of this study. The individual female’s
financial situation was a very significant finding in this
study. It showed that females who were financially independent
had a better chance of accessing cervical cancer
screening compared with those who were financially dependent
on their husbands or family relatives. Zimbabwe and
most of the sub-Saharan African countries are strongly patriarchal
in culture. We know that cervical cancer is associated
with HPV infections, which are sexually transmitted, and that
symptoms appear only when the disease is at an advanced,
incurable stage. In addition, we know that in sub-Saharan
countries, the concept of disease screening is not well known
and not regularly practiced. When a female who depends on
her husband for healthcare asks for screening for an STD, she
may have to answer questions relating to marital infidelity
and accusations of promiscuity. Whether or not females will
be able to obtain money for cervical screening depends on
what men know and believe about it. The majority of females
in this position are those who live in the rural villages.
Abrahams et al.35 reported that in South Africa, some females
mentioned not being allowed to visit clinics for contraceptive
services and were even beaten by their husbands for attending
mobile health clinics without their permission. Although females
in Zimbabwe and South Africa are protected by national
laws, most of the rural females are very traditional.
They are afraid and reluctant to report men who question or
beat them because according to tradition, they are supposed
to be subservient to their husbands.
The barriers to cervical screening identified in this study
include (1) females lacked knowledge about cervical screening
tests and cervical screening, (2) lack of advice and encouragement
by health professionals to females to access
cervical screening, (3) most females could not afford the cost
of cervical screening because of lack of health insurance, (4)
health facility was too far away, (5) dependence on subsistence
farming causes hardships and poverty, (6) lack of access
to cervical screening because it was not offered at their nearest
health center, even at a 6-week postnatal examination when it
it suppose to be available, and (7) some females did not believe
in their risk for cervical cancer because it was not in their
family history. Some of these barrier are not new; Tarwireyi40
discussed them in a study conducted in the Mutoko rural
district in Zimbabwe
Anorlu,1 Machoki and Rogo,34 Ajayi and Adewole,36 and
Adanu39 identified similar barriers in sub-Saharan countries.
Hoffman et al.50 reported poverty, age, and increasing education
as the main predictors of health service use, and Arevian
citizens by planning and providing safe and healthy infrastructures
before settling its citizens in these villages.
A further finding from these study results is that females
from the mining villages have the best chance of accessing
cervical screening. We know that Zimbabwe’s economy is
heavily subsidized by the mining industry, and we described
how the private cooperatives provide for their workers. It is
not surprising that females from the mining villages have the
best opportunities to access cervical screening, as long as they
are encouraged by healthcare providers to do so and are
taught about the importance of regular screening and checkups.
We also know that the village mine health centers are
staffed by licensed nurses and doctors and have the best
equipment to keep their workforce and families healthy.
Knowledge of the impact of status of females on cervical
screening is a major finding of this study. The individual female’s
financial situation was a very significant finding in this
study. It showed that females who were financially independent
had a better chance of accessing cervical cancer
screening compared with those who were financially dependent
on their husbands or family relatives. Zimbabwe and
most of the sub-Saharan African countries are strongly patriarchal
in culture. We know that cervical cancer is associated
with HPV infections, which are sexually transmitted, and that
symptoms appear only when the disease is at an advanced,
incurable stage. In addition, we know that in sub-Saharan
countries, the concept of disease screening is not well known
and not regularly practiced. When a female who depends on
her husband for healthcare asks for screening for an STD, she
may have to answer questions relating to marital infidelity
and accusations of promiscuity. Whether or not females will
be able to obtain money for cervical screening depends on
what men know and believe about it. The majority of females
in this position are those who live in the rural villages.
Abrahams et al.35 reported that in South Africa, some females
mentioned not being allowed to visit clinics for contraceptive
services and were even beaten by their husbands for attending
mobile health clinics without their permission. Although females
in Zimbabwe and South Africa are protected by national
laws, most of the rural females are very traditional.
They are afraid and reluctant to report men who question or
beat them because according to tradition, they are supposed
to be subservient to their husbands.
The barriers to cervical screening identified in this study
include (1) females lacked knowledge about cervical screening
tests and cervical screening, (2) lack of advice and encouragement
by health professionals to females to access
cervical screening, (3) most females could not afford the cost
of cervical screening because of lack of health insurance, (4)
health facility was too far away, (5) dependence on subsistence
farming causes hardships and poverty, (6) lack of access
to cervical screening because it was not offered at their nearest
health center, even at a 6-week postnatal examination when it
it suppose to be available, and (7) some females did not believe
in their risk for cervical cancer because it was not in their
family history. Some of these barrier are not new; Tarwireyi40
discussed them in a study conducted in the Mutoko rural
district in Zimbabwe
Anorlu,1 Machoki and Rogo,34 Ajayi and Adewole,36 and
Adanu39 identified similar barriers in sub-Saharan countries.
Hoffman et al.50 reported poverty, age, and increasing education
as the main predictors of health service use, and Arevian
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