1888/1890- William Henry Pickering (1858-1939) successfully photographs Mars using two refractors
(38 cm and 32 cm aperture) at Pic du Midi observatory (France).
1890- Edward Singleton Holden (1846-1914) obtains high resolution images of the Moon using the 91 cm
Lick refractor.
1894/1910- Moritz Loewy (1833-1907) and Pierre-Henri Puiseux (1855-1928) obtain 6000 photographs
(500 nigths) of the Moon using the 60 cm Paris observatory Coudé refractor. The Atlas Photographique de
la Lune was edited from 1896 e 1910 by the Paris observatory (Figure 19).
1899- James E. Keeler (1857-1900) starts a photographic survey of nebulae at the Lick observatory
(Mount Hamilton, California). Keeler used the Common reflector (91 cm aperture) that was offered to the
observatory by Edward Crossley (1841-1905). The images obtained by Keeler were the best of its kind
until the end of the century (Figure 20).
1889- First of a long series of wide-field deep-sky astrophotographs obtained by Edward Emerson
Barnard (1857-1923). Lick Observatory, Crocker telescope, Willard 6” lens (Figure 21).
1899- The german astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858-1913) records the spectrum of M 31 with an
exposure of 7 ½ h proving that it was composed of individual stars.
1901/1902- George Willis Ritchey (1864-1945) obtains a series of excellent photographs of nebulae
using the Mount Wilson 60 cm reflector (Figure 22).
1903- Jules Janssen publishes his monumental work Atlas de photographies solaires (Gauthiers-Villars).
1909/1911- G.W. Ritchey records several star clusters and nebulae with the 1.52 m f/5 Mount Wilson
reflector (exposures of up to 11 h obtained during several nights). These photographs had a resolution of
about 1” (Figures 23 and 24).
1911- E.E. Barnard obtains excellent images of Saturn using the 1.52 m Mount Wilson reflector (Figure
25).
1913- E.E. Barnard publishes Photographs of the Milky Way and of Comets. Publications of Lick
Observatory, vol. 11. These images were obtained from 1892 to 1895 using the Crocker telescope (Figure
26).
1918- First photographs of nebulae obtained by F.G. Pease (1881-1938), with the Hooker 2.54 m
reflector at Mount Wilson (Figure 22).
1924- Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), using the 2.54 m Hooker Telescope, was able to identify Cepheid
variables in the Andromeda galaxy and estimates it’s distance (800 000 light years). Hubble changed
astronomers' understanding of the nature of the universe by demonstrating the existence of other galaxies
besides the Milky Way.
1927- Publication of Atlas of Selected Regions of the Milky Way”, five years after the disappearance of
E.E. Barnard. Most of the plates included in the Atlas (40 out of 50) were obtained at Mount Wilson
observatory with the Bruce Telescope (Figures 26, 27 and 28).
1929- Edwin Hubble, based on photographs of spectra (exposures of tenths of hours), discovers that the
degree of the redshift observed in several galaxies increases in proportion to their distance to the Milky
Way. This became known as Hubble's law, and would help establish that the universe is expanding.
1929/1934- French astronomer Marcel de Kerolyr photographs nebulae and galaxies using the 80 cm f/6
reflector of the Paris observatory astrophysics station at Haute Provence.
1936- Milton Lasell Humason (1891-1972) images galaxies at 240 000 000 light-years with the Hooker
telescope.
1948- Edwin Hublle uses the 200 inch (5.08 m) Hale telescope for the first time (Figure 29).
1948/1958- The Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS), was completed in 1958 (the first plates were
shot in November 1948 and the last in April 1958). This survey was performed using blue-sensitive (Kodak
1888/1890- William Henry Pickering (1858-1939) successfully photographs Mars using two refractors(38 cm and 32 cm aperture) at Pic du Midi observatory (France).1890- Edward Singleton Holden (1846-1914) obtains high resolution images of the Moon using the 91 cmLick refractor.1894/1910- Moritz Loewy (1833-1907) and Pierre-Henri Puiseux (1855-1928) obtain 6000 photographs(500 nigths) of the Moon using the 60 cm Paris observatory Coudé refractor. The Atlas Photographique dela Lune was edited from 1896 e 1910 by the Paris observatory (Figure 19).1899- James E. Keeler (1857-1900) starts a photographic survey of nebulae at the Lick observatory(Mount Hamilton, California). Keeler used the Common reflector (91 cm aperture) that was offered to theobservatory by Edward Crossley (1841-1905). The images obtained by Keeler were the best of its kinduntil the end of the century (Figure 20).1889- First of a long series of wide-field deep-sky astrophotographs obtained by Edward EmersonBarnard (1857-1923). Lick Observatory, Crocker telescope, Willard 6” lens (Figure 21).1899- The german astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858-1913) records the spectrum of M 31 with anexposure of 7 ½ h proving that it was composed of individual stars.1901/1902- George Willis Ritchey (1864-1945) obtains a series of excellent photographs of nebulaeusing the Mount Wilson 60 cm reflector (Figure 22).1903- Jules Janssen publishes his monumental work Atlas de photographies solaires (Gauthiers-Villars).1909/1911- G.W. Ritchey records several star clusters and nebulae with the 1.52 m f/5 Mount Wilson
reflector (exposures of up to 11 h obtained during several nights). These photographs had a resolution of
about 1” (Figures 23 and 24).
1911- E.E. Barnard obtains excellent images of Saturn using the 1.52 m Mount Wilson reflector (Figure
25).
1913- E.E. Barnard publishes Photographs of the Milky Way and of Comets. Publications of Lick
Observatory, vol. 11. These images were obtained from 1892 to 1895 using the Crocker telescope (Figure
26).
1918- First photographs of nebulae obtained by F.G. Pease (1881-1938), with the Hooker 2.54 m
reflector at Mount Wilson (Figure 22).
1924- Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), using the 2.54 m Hooker Telescope, was able to identify Cepheid
variables in the Andromeda galaxy and estimates it’s distance (800 000 light years). Hubble changed
astronomers' understanding of the nature of the universe by demonstrating the existence of other galaxies
besides the Milky Way.
1927- Publication of Atlas of Selected Regions of the Milky Way”, five years after the disappearance of
E.E. Barnard. Most of the plates included in the Atlas (40 out of 50) were obtained at Mount Wilson
observatory with the Bruce Telescope (Figures 26, 27 and 28).
1929- Edwin Hubble, based on photographs of spectra (exposures of tenths of hours), discovers that the
degree of the redshift observed in several galaxies increases in proportion to their distance to the Milky
Way. This became known as Hubble's law, and would help establish that the universe is expanding.
1929/1934- French astronomer Marcel de Kerolyr photographs nebulae and galaxies using the 80 cm f/6
reflector of the Paris observatory astrophysics station at Haute Provence.
1936- Milton Lasell Humason (1891-1972) images galaxies at 240 000 000 light-years with the Hooker
telescope.
1948- Edwin Hublle uses the 200 inch (5.08 m) Hale telescope for the first time (Figure 29).
1948/1958- The Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS), was completed in 1958 (the first plates were
shot in November 1948 and the last in April 1958). This survey was performed using blue-sensitive (Kodak
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