Activity orientation focuses on the stance which a culture takes with regard to action versus reflection. As Kluckhohn and Strodbeck (1961) indicate, doing versus being as stances toward human activity have been discussed in much of the philosophical literature over the centuries. Doing cultures are those which place a premium on activity and action. Accomplishment is considered important in these cultures and one can only accomplish something by acting or doing. Being cultures, on the other hand, focus on reflection and understanding.