However, empirical research has indicated that money attitudes are
independent of income. Furnham and Okamura (1999) conclude that different
national cultures hold different attitudes toward money and related behaviors,
such things as saving and spending. An example is the results of an
ethnographic study by Jain and Joy (1997, p. 647). They concluded that,
contrary to the economic theory that consumption determines savings, with
Indians, ``their need for saving determines their consumption.''