Intelligence[edit]
Intelligence includes cognition (as above), planning, creativity, and problem solving. In 1976, the first intelligence test for dogs was developed with assessments to test short term memory, agility, ability to adapt, problem solving, unique detour problems, and to see how the dog reacts to conditions which he or she finds unacceptable. The performances of individual dogs were compared to over 100 dogs on which the test was standardized and breed norms were developed.[31] Stanley Coren ranked dog breeds by intelligence in his book The Intelligence of Dogs based on surveys done of dog obedience judges, the article for which contains a summary of the rankings obtained.