might be needed to convince other negotiators to accept their thinking. They assume that the information presented will be compelling in itself, requiringlittle argumentation or advocacy to defend. In trying to influence counterparts in this manner, they also seem to ignore any concessions that they might have to make and give little consideration to what the other party might want or have to concede to reach an agreement (March, 1990). Japanese negotiators tend to use this influence approach because they wish to avoid direct disagreements, argumentation, horse-trading, or potential loss of face for either party that could result from having to back down or change a proposal (March, 1990;Graham, 1985).