Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was executed using Statgraphics 5.0 software (Manugistic Inc., USA). One-way variance analysis was carried out in order to confirm that there were no significant differences amongst fried sample measurements under specific conditions. Disparities between samples fried under different conditions were determined through confidence interval analysis using the Bonferroni test. All significant differences were determined with a confidence level of 95%. Linear correlation of colour parameters and carotenoid content was also examined by carrying out a linear regression between a specific colour parameter and carotenoid content (total carotenoids, trans a-carotene, or trans bcarotene content). Then, the coefficient of determination (r2) for the linear regression model was calculated.