appropriate action. For example, if the child looked toward the examiner, turning his/her head toward her, the examiner looked
at the child and said ‘‘hi’’. If the child used a gesture such as waving to the examiner, the examiner waved back. If the child
produced a verbalization, e.g., ‘‘want ball’’, the examiner gave a ball to the child and then resumed attention to her paper.
Importantly, PIP examiner responses to child-initiated behaviors were not accompanied by contingent praise or suggestions for
follow-up activities. Only in instances in which the child continued to interact by emitting another communicative act did the
examiner respond further. The same examiner participated in all PIPs for a given child. However, examiners were not involved
in any intervention provided. Separate clinicians provided treatment (see Section 2.5).