These processes driven by sensory information from the physical world are called bottom-up, in
contrast to top-down processes that are driven by knowledge, expectations, and goals. The
importance of top-down processes in visual perception is evident from failures of object recognition
caused by brain damage, called agnosia. People with agnosia can accurately detect features such as
edges and shapes, but cannot put them together to see an object. Such recognition is difficult because
a duck or other object can be presented to us from many different viewpoints, and there are many
different kinds of duck. The initial pattern of firing in the retina is two-dimensional, but somehow we
recognize a duck as a three-dimensional object. The brain is able simultaneously to match features,
components, and configurations to its previous experience through the dynamic interaction of billions
of neurons in several different brain areas. If you suffer damage to parts of the brain that have neurons
with connections constituting your learned knowledge about ducks, then you will not be able to put all
the features and configurations together to recognize an object as a duck. People with damage to the
fusiform face area in the brain may suffer from prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize faces.
กระบวนการเหล่านี้โดยได้แรงหนุนจากข้อมูลทางประสาทสัมผัสโลกทางกายภาพที่เรียกว่าด้านล่างขึ้นในทางตรงกันข้ามกับกระบวนการจากบนลงล่างที่จะขับเคลื่อนด้วยความรู้ความคาดหวังและเป้าหมาย These processes driven by sensory information from the physical world are called bottom-up, in
contrast to top-down processes that are driven by knowledge, expectations, and goals. The
importance of top-down processes in visual perception is evident from failures of object recognition
caused by brain damage, called agnosia. People with agnosia can accurately detect features such as
edges and shapes, but cannot put them together to see an object. Such recognition is difficult because
a duck or other object can be presented to us from many different viewpoints, and there are many
different kinds of duck. The initial pattern of firing in the retina is two-dimensional, but somehow we
recognize a duck as a three-dimensional object. The brain is able simultaneously to match features,
components, and configurations to its previous experience through the dynamic interaction of billions
of neurons in several different brain areas. If you suffer damage to parts of the brain that have neurons
with connections constituting your learned knowledge about ducks, then you will not be able to put all
the features and configurations together to recognize an object as a duck. People with damage to the
fusiform face area in the brain may suffer from prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize faces.
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