Dependent variable
Our dependent variable is represented by audit fees (AUDITFEES), which have been widely used in prior research as a
proxy of firm audit costs (see e.g. Boo and Sharma, 2008; Elder et al., 2009; Fleischer and Goettsche, 2012; Leventis et al.,
2011; O’Sullivan, 2000; Zaman et al., 2011). In accordance with prior research, we measure AUDITFEES as the natural logarithm
of total audit fees at the end of the fiscal year.We note that audit fees are consistently disclosed by US and Japanese
publicly listed firms in their annual financial statements.
Dependent variableOur dependent variable is represented by audit fees (AUDITFEES), which have been widely used in prior research as aproxy of firm audit costs (see e.g. Boo and Sharma, 2008; Elder et al., 2009; Fleischer and Goettsche, 2012; Leventis et al.,2011; O’Sullivan, 2000; Zaman et al., 2011). In accordance with prior research, we measure AUDITFEES as the natural logarithmof total audit fees at the end of the fiscal year.We note that audit fees are consistently disclosed by US and Japanesepublicly listed firms in their annual financial statements.
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