Modern processes various modern steel making processes have been developed and put into use, some extensively. These include the LD Kaldo, Rotor and Spray processes. The LD method of steel manufacture the letters are the initials of twin towns in Austria, Linz and Donawitz uses a converter similar in shape to the old Bessemer mounted on trunnions to enable it to be swung into a variety of desired positions. Figure 1.1 is adiagramrnatic arrangement of the LD converter Scrap metal and molten iron, from the blast furnace, would be fed into the converter which would then be turned to the vertical position after charging. A water-cooled oxygen lance would then
be lowered into the converter and oxygen at a pressure of up to 11 bar approximately would be injected at high speed into the molten iron causing oxidation. After refining. the lance is withdrawn and the converter is frst tilted to the metal pouring position and finally to the slag pouring position. if the metal is of low phosphorus content, only oxygen is used; if however, it is high in phosphorus, powdered lime is injected with the oxygen and the blow is in two parts, the process being interrupted in order to remove the high phosphorus content slag. The Kaldo and Rotor processes have not found the same popularity as the LD, even though they are similar in that they use oxygen for refining. They both use converters which are rotated and the process is slower and more expensive.