The 1950s mark an important point of departure in the evolution of physical education, as degree programs for teachers of physical education began to proliferate and physical education quickly became an area of increased research activity and redefinition leading to the emergence of specialized areas of study and university degree specializations in areas such as biomechanics and exercise physiology. As research funding and specialization spread in these areas, programs of physical education devoted to the preparation of teachers receded in appeal. As they did, what Kirk labels physical education as sports technique became a dominant understanding and practice in many quarters (Kirk 2010). Notable exceptions throughout history notwithstanding, it was not until the passing of Title IX in the USA in 1972 that we see large-scale support for physical education and competitive sport for females, although Nilges has cast doubt on the genuinely emancipatory nature of Title IX (Nilges 2006, 79). There also now exists a keen awareness of the role of physical education for those with physical and other challenges.
Among those who have attempted a conceptualization of physical education to meet various objections, the position of Ross has some appeal. In harmony with the findings of Green and Marshall who drew attention to varying degrees of neglect of physical education as a school subject in many European countries (Green and Marshall 2005), the elimination of highly regarded university programs in physical education in the USA is seen by Ross as indication that the state and the status of physical education as a subject is indeed under threat. According to Ross, it appears, this is so ‘because the public does not consider physical education to be an academic study’ (vii). This, he continues, is due in part to the failure to articulate that it does, in fact, have a body of knowledge, what he labels, ‘physical action knowledge (PAK)’ which, he claims, exists ‘in terms of knowledge transmission and acquisition’ (vii). This, for Ross, justifies the claim that physical education is an academic study meriting a place in schools and universities. While Ross's explanation may be compelling from an epistemological standpoint, it should be noted that other explanations of the demise of physical education pay more attention to financial considerations than programmatic.
A second perspective on the evolution of physical education that bears reflection is that presented by Kirk (2010) in his discussion of physical education futures. According to Kirk, over time physical education as a school subject evolved to the point where teaching the techniques of various sports or games became the dominant pattern. While not dismissing the possibility that this emphasis may pass – and actually predicting that it will – for Kirk it is substantially with us for the foreseeable future. While some may identify other limitations to this approach, for Kirk a particular concern is the fact that because of the shape that degree programs in physical education for prospective teachers took in their formative years, they left teachers of physical education ill equipped to carry out the objectives of physical education as sport technique. As one scholar put it, given the requirements placed on future teachers of physical education to study academic subjects considered necessary in a degree program, their knowledge in the kind of physical education they were expected to provide remained a mile wide and an inch deep (Kirk, 7).
The 1950s mark an important point of departure in the evolution of physical education, as degree programs for teachers of physical education began to proliferate and physical education quickly became an area of increased research activity and redefinition leading to the emergence of specialized areas of study and university degree specializations in areas such as biomechanics and exercise physiology. As research funding and specialization spread in these areas, programs of physical education devoted to the preparation of teachers receded in appeal. As they did, what Kirk labels physical education as sports technique became a dominant understanding and practice in many quarters (Kirk 2010). Notable exceptions throughout history notwithstanding, it was not until the passing of Title IX in the USA in 1972 that we see large-scale support for physical education and competitive sport for females, although Nilges has cast doubt on the genuinely emancipatory nature of Title IX (Nilges 2006, 79). There also now exists a keen awareness of the role of physical education for those with physical and other challenges.
Among those who have attempted a conceptualization of physical education to meet various objections, the position of Ross has some appeal. In harmony with the findings of Green and Marshall who drew attention to varying degrees of neglect of physical education as a school subject in many European countries (Green and Marshall 2005), the elimination of highly regarded university programs in physical education in the USA is seen by Ross as indication that the state and the status of physical education as a subject is indeed under threat. According to Ross, it appears, this is so ‘because the public does not consider physical education to be an academic study’ (vii). This, he continues, is due in part to the failure to articulate that it does, in fact, have a body of knowledge, what he labels, ‘physical action knowledge (PAK)’ which, he claims, exists ‘in terms of knowledge transmission and acquisition’ (vii). This, for Ross, justifies the claim that physical education is an academic study meriting a place in schools and universities. While Ross's explanation may be compelling from an epistemological standpoint, it should be noted that other explanations of the demise of physical education pay more attention to financial considerations than programmatic.
A second perspective on the evolution of physical education that bears reflection is that presented by Kirk (2010) in his discussion of physical education futures. According to Kirk, over time physical education as a school subject evolved to the point where teaching the techniques of various sports or games became the dominant pattern. While not dismissing the possibility that this emphasis may pass – and actually predicting that it will – for Kirk it is substantially with us for the foreseeable future. While some may identify other limitations to this approach, for Kirk a particular concern is the fact that because of the shape that degree programs in physical education for prospective teachers took in their formative years, they left teachers of physical education ill equipped to carry out the objectives of physical education as sport technique. As one scholar put it, given the requirements placed on future teachers of physical education to study academic subjects considered necessary in a degree program, their knowledge in the kind of physical education they were expected to provide remained a mile wide and an inch deep (Kirk, 7).
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