Formation of rigid filler network usually provides
additional levels of reinforcement. In the case of silica
particles and carbon black as fillers, it has been shown that
the aggregation and networking of fillers improve the mechanical properties compared to a dispersed state.
Filler–matrix and filler–filler interactions are unanimously
associated with the decrease of the dynamical modulus with
the strain amplitude, which is known as the Payne effect.Complementary approaches to understand the Payne effect adsorption–desorption of polymer chains at the surface
of filler