PERFORMANCE AND SITUATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Most people would agree readily that individual levels of performance may be affected by
conditions surrounding the performance. Yet most research investigations are conducted without
regard for possible effects of variables other than those measured by predictors. In this section,
therefore, we will examine six possible extraindividual influences on performance. Taken
together, the discussion of these influences is part of what Cascio and Aguinis (2008b) defined as
in situ performance: "the specification of the broad range of effects-situational, contextual,
skategic, and environmental-that may affect individual, team, or organizational performance"
(p. 1a6). A consideration of ln si/z performance involves context-situational opportunities and
constraints that affect the occurrence and meaning of behavior in organizations-?ls well as
functional relationships between variables.