Managers with Theory X attitude tend to have a negative, pessimistic view of employees and display more coercive, autocratic leadership style using external means of controls, such as threats and punishment. Managers with Theory Y attitude tend to have a positive, optimistic view of employee and display more participative leadership style using internal motivation and rewards, In 1966. When McGregor published his Theory x and Theory y, most managers had Theory x attitude, and he was calling for a change to Theory y attitude. More recently, the paradigm shift from management to leadership also reflects this change in attitude, as more management use participative leadership styles.