“The DPP of an item is therefore the gross margin, after adjustments, minus direct product costs (DPCs). These direct product costs arise at the warehouse, in transport, in the store and in the head office functions. The largest single element of DPC is likely to be incurred in the store. Here a cost is allocated, possibly using work-study techniques, for the labour involved in receiving, sorting, moving, price-marking, shelf-loading and checking out the item. A space cost is a allocated, being a function of the square or cubic footage occupied and the rate of the stockturn of the item.”