Experimental Treatments
Three different experimental treatments were utilized to more fully examine
the effects of order of observation and inspection prowess on the observer’s
preference. Each treatment consisted of 30 trials, with each trial including one
observer and two inspectors, for a total of 30 observers and 60 inspectors. In the
control treatment, we examined the effect of sequential viewing of an inspector
and a non-inspector. Here, each observer watched two fish sequentially, one for
which a predator was visible (inspector) and one for which no predator was visible
(non-inspector). For the trials in which the observer viewed an inspector, the
opaque partitions were lifted at the commencement of the inspection trial.
However, when the observer viewed a non-inspector, the opaque partition
between the observer and non-inspector was lifted at the commencement of the
inspection trial, but the partitions between the predator and both the observer and
non-inspector were not. In this case, neither the observer nor the non-inspector
could see the predator but the observer could view the non-inspector. The order of
trials was alternated such that, in half of the trials, the observer viewed the
inspector first, and in the other half, the observer viewed the non-inspector first.
This treatment allowed us to control for the possibility that observers were
choosing based on some element of the inspector’s movement or some other
inherent preference, regardless of whether a predator was present. Trials were
separated by 15 min to allow both the inspector and non-inspector to acclimate to
the testing apparatus.
In the sequential treatment, the observer watched two inspectors sequentially;
again trials were separated by 15 min to allow for the second inspector’s
828 S. F. Brosnan, R. L. Earley & L. A. Dugatkinacclimatization period. Each of the inspectors and the observer had full view of
the predator during their inspection trials. In the social treatment, the observer
watched two inspectors simultaneously; the inspectors could also interact with
one another. These inspectors were placed in the inspection aquarium simultaneously and thus had 15 min to acclimatize to each other as well as to the
apparatus. Once again, the observer could not see these individuals until the
inspection trial commenced.
Experimental Treatments
Three different experimental treatments were utilized to more fully examine
the effects of order of observation and inspection prowess on the observer’s
preference. Each treatment consisted of 30 trials, with each trial including one
observer and two inspectors, for a total of 30 observers and 60 inspectors. In the
control treatment, we examined the effect of sequential viewing of an inspector
and a non-inspector. Here, each observer watched two fish sequentially, one for
which a predator was visible (inspector) and one for which no predator was visible
(non-inspector). For the trials in which the observer viewed an inspector, the
opaque partitions were lifted at the commencement of the inspection trial.
However, when the observer viewed a non-inspector, the opaque partition
between the observer and non-inspector was lifted at the commencement of the
inspection trial, but the partitions between the predator and both the observer and
non-inspector were not. In this case, neither the observer nor the non-inspector
could see the predator but the observer could view the non-inspector. The order of
trials was alternated such that, in half of the trials, the observer viewed the
inspector first, and in the other half, the observer viewed the non-inspector first.
This treatment allowed us to control for the possibility that observers were
choosing based on some element of the inspector’s movement or some other
inherent preference, regardless of whether a predator was present. Trials were
separated by 15 min to allow both the inspector and non-inspector to acclimate to
the testing apparatus.
In the sequential treatment, the observer watched two inspectors sequentially;
again trials were separated by 15 min to allow for the second inspector’s
828 S. F. Brosnan, R. L. Earley & L. A. Dugatkinacclimatization period. Each of the inspectors and the observer had full view of
the predator during their inspection trials. In the social treatment, the observer
watched two inspectors simultaneously; the inspectors could also interact with
one another. These inspectors were placed in the inspection aquarium simultaneously and thus had 15 min to acclimatize to each other as well as to the
apparatus. Once again, the observer could not see these individuals until the
inspection trial commenced.
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