The products
were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD;
Siemens D500) operating at 20 kV 15mA and using Cu K
line in combination with the database of JCPDS; a scanningelectron microscope (SEM; JEOL JSM-6335F) operating at
15 kV; a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEOL
JEM-2010) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED)
technique operating at 200 kV; an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
(XPS; Kratos Analytical Axis UltraDLD) operating
at 15 kV 10mA in a chamber with 5 109 Torr; a Raman
spectrometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon T64000) using a 50mW
and 514.5 nm wavelength Ar green laser and a photoluminescence
(PL) spectrometer (PerkinElmer LS 50B)
using 300 nm excitation wavelength at room temperature.