the quantity of food grade salt used was 1.5% of the total minced weight. The mixtures were shaped using a commercial burger maker (9 cm internal diameter) to obtain burgers of approximately 90 g and 1 cm thickness. Plastic packaging film was used to help maintaining the shape of the burgers prior to storage, packed in polyethylene bags and sealed. Carp burgers were frozen at −18 °C in a blast freezer and placed in a cold store at −20 °C until analyzed.