indicated that the zeta potential of b-CNF aqueous solutions is higher than 60 mV at pH3-4, lowering to approximately 40 mV when at pH 6. Similarly,noted that at pH 5e6, the zeta potentials of 0.02% a-chitin nano whisker/nanofiber mixture, a-chitin nanowhisker, and b-CNF aqueous solutions were 65, 58, and 56 mV, respectively.