and image analyses are shown in Figs. 6 and 7(a), (d), and (g).
While image analyses may contain errors, they are used as the
ground truth in this study because image analysis is the most
reliable ice concentration data available for this study. Without
confusion, we also refer to the image analysis as ground truth.
The results of this study are also comparedwith the AMSR-E
daily ice concentrationmaps acquired fromhttp://www.iup.unibremen.
de/seaice/amsr/. This ice concentration data set features
a pixel spacing of 6.25 km. It was generated from the AMSR-E
89-GHz channel data using the ARTIST sea ice (ASI) algorithm
[26]. This algorithm is known to underestimate ice concentration
for thin ice or when ice concentration is low [26]. This data
set is referred to asASI ice concentration in the rest of this paper.