2. Dependent Variables were management accounting techniques that were categorised into
traditional and advanced management accounting techniques.
2.1 Traditional management accounting techniques included variable costing, absorption
costing, standard costing, normal costing, actual costing, job order costing, process
costing, segment reporting, transfer pricing, operating budget, financial budget, flexible
budget and capital budget.
2.2 Advanced management accounting techniques included activity-based costing, value
chain analysis, total-life-cycle costing, target costing, kaizen costs, environmental
costing, balanced scorecard and quality costing.