4-23 Metric System Equivalents The properties of R-12 at saturation are listed in metric units in Table 16-2A, and the properties of superheated R-12 vapor are listed in in Table 16-2B. Notice that enthalpy values are given in kilojoules per kilogram, which is also joules per gram, and those for entropy are given in kilojoules per kilogram per kelvin.
That would be available to the room from any steam delivered to the radiator is the heat given off by the steam as it condenses and by the resulting condensate as the latter cools to the room temperature of 75F. Although the resultant 75F condensate will still have a considerable amount of energy with reference to absolute zero, this energy is unavailable to the 75F room because no temperature differential exists between the condensate and the room. Entropy is an index of this unavailability. In all actual (irreversible) processes, the entropy of the system (or the surroundings) must of necessity increase, primarily because some of the available energy must be used to overcome friction (section 3-31). In contrast, in any ideal reversible adiabatic process(section 3-23), frequently called a "frictionless adiabatic" or "isentropic" process, it is assumed that none of the acailable energy is used in overcoming friction, and since there is no heat tranfer, the entropy(unavailable energy) is assumed to remain constant during the process. For example,with reference to Fig. 4-7, as the gas in the cylinder expands isentropically, all the energy given up by the gas is transferred to the piston and subsequently stored in the flywheel. On the upstroke, the energy stored in the flywheel is returned to the piston and subsequently to the gas as the gas is compressed isentropically back to its initial state. Notice that throughout the cycle, the available energy of the system remains unchanged so that the entropy (unavailability) also remains constant. In contrast,assume now that the gas in the cylinder is expanded irreversibly in that some of the energy given up by the gas is used to overcome friction in the cylinder and other mechanical parts. it follows that only a part of the energy available from the gas is transferred to the piston and stored in the flywheel. Consequently, on the upstroke, the energy available from the flywheel will be somewhat less than that required to recompress the gas to its initial state. Moreover, during the recompression process, some of the available energy from the flywheel will be used in overcoming friction, so that the total energy of the gas at the end of the recompression process will be less than the total energy of the gas in the initial state. Because of the irreversible losses in energy suffered in both processes, it is evident that the available energy of the system has been decreased and that the entropy (unavailability)has been increase. Ordinarily, the energy utilized to offset friction is converted into heat and dissipated to the surroundings. Consequently, if irreversible processes are to be repeated, energy to replace that lost to the surroundings must be supplied continuosly to the system from some external source; otherwise the system will soon run out of energy.