2. Connecting Leadership and Communication
Researchers seldom agree completely on how best to define leadership, but most would agree that leaders are individuals who guide, direct, motivate, or inspire others. They are the men and women who influence others in an organization or in a community. They command others’ attention. They persuade others to follow them or pursue goals they define. They control Leadership Communication: A communication Approach for Senior-Level Managers by Deborah J. Barrett, Ph.D. Handbook of Business Strategy Emerald Group Publishing, 2006. Pages 385-390 situations. They improve the performance of groups and organizations. They get results. These individuals may not be presidents of countries or the CEOs of companies, but they could be. They could also be employees who step forward to mentor less experienced or younger employees, managers who direct successful project teams, or vice presidents who lead divisions and motivate their staff to achieve company goals.
Through effective communication, leaders lead. Good communication skills enable, foster, and create the understanding and trust necessary to encourage others to follow a leader. Without effective communication, a manager accomplishes little. Without effective communication, a manager is not an effective leader.
In fact, being able to communicate effectively is what allows a manager to move into a leadership position. An early Harvard Business School study on what it takes to achieve success and be promoted in an organization says that the individual who gets ahead in business is the person who “is able to communicate, to make sound decisions, and to get things done with and through people” (Bowman, Jones, Peterson, Gronouski, & Mahoney, 1964). By communicating more effectively, managers improve their ability to get things done with and through people.
3.The Barriers to Effective Communication
Communication is the transmission of meaning from one person to another or to many people, whether verbally or non-verbally. Communication from one person to another is commonly depicted as a simple triangle consisting of the context, the sender, the message, and the receiver
(Exhibit 1).
Exhibit 1: The Communication Triangle
This exhibit shows what would be very simple and ideal communication. There would be no miscommunication or misunderstandings. The sender would understand the context and the audience (receiver), select the right medium, and send a clear message, and the receiver would receive and understand that message exactly as the sender intended.
In reality, communication more likely resembles some variation of the diagram in Exhibit 2:
Exhibit 2: Communication Reality or the Interruptions to Communication
The complication in communication comes from the interruptions or interferences in that transmission, whether the sender causes them or the receiver. The context in which the information is sent, the noise that surrounds it, the selection of the medium, the words used in the message, the image of the speaker, etc., all influence the meaning traveling successfully, or as intended from one to another. Learning to anticipate the interruptions in the rhetorical situation, to appreciate the context, to understand the audience, to select the right medium, and to craft clear messages that allow the meaning to reach the specific receiver as intended is the foundation of effective business communication.
The goal of mastering all aspects of leadership communication is to move prospective leaders as close to the ideal communication situation as possible. Leadership communication necessitates anticipating all interruptions and interferences through audience analysis and then developing a communication strategy that controls the rhetorical situation and facilitates the effective transmission of the message.
4.Definition of Leadership Communication
Leadership communication is the controlled, purposeful transfer of meaning by which leaders influence a single person, a group, an organization, or a community. Leadership communication uses the full range of communication skills and resources to overcome interferences and to create and deliver messages that guide, direct, motivate, or inspire others to action. Leadership communication consists of layered, expanding skills from core strategy development and effective writing and speaking to the use of these skills in more complex organizational situations. As the manager’s perspective and control expand, he or she will need to improve the core communication skills to become effective in the larger, more complex organizational situations. Leadership communication consists of three primary rings (1) core, (2) managerial, and (3) corporate (Exhibit 3). The higher up in an organization a manager moves, the more complex his or her communication demands become. The core communication ability represented in the center of the framework below expands to the managerial communication ring and then further to the communication capabilities included at the broader corporate communication ring (Barrett, 2006).
Exhibit 3: The Leadership Communication Framework
The framework is not meant to suggest a hierarchy, which is why it is depicted as a spiral. All effective communications depends on the core skills at the center of the spiral. These are the more individual skills. Leaders in any organization must master the skills at the core (strategy, writing, and speaking), but they also need to expand their skills to include those needed to lead and manage groups, such skills as emotional intelligence, cultural literacy, listening, managing teams and meetings, and coaching and mentoring. Eventually, particularly when they move into the higher-levels of organizational leadership, they will need to develop the capabilities in the outer circle, the corporate communication skills – employee relations, change communication, media relations, crisis communication, and image and reputation management.
1. Core Communication. Communication strategy is included in the core, but managers will find they always need to take a strategic approach to be a master of leadership communication. Strategy is the foundation on which any effective communication depends. Leaders need to be able to analyze an audience in every situation and develop a communication strategy that facilitates accomplishing their communication objectives.
Managers need to be able to structure and write effective simple and complex correspondence and documents, from e-mails and memos to proposals and reports. They need to be able to write and to speak in the language expected of business leaders, language that is clear, correct, and concise. In addition, they need to be able to create and deliver oral presentations confidently and persuasively, using graphics that contribute to delivering your messages. These are the capabilities at the core of all business communication. Success in managerial and corporate communication depends on mastering these core capabilities.
2. Managerial Communication. Managerial communication capabilities build on the core abilities. They are the capabilities that more directly involve managing others, from one-on-one contact to interacting with groups and the broader organization. They are the skills needed to interact with individuals and to manage groups. Managerial communication begins with emotional intelligence or interpersonal skills and an understanding of cross-cultural differences needed to interact effectively with others as individuals or groups. Listening is an essential skill in any rhetorical situation, but is pictured aligned more with the managerial ring because managing others effectively requires even greater attention to hearing what others say, simply what we think we hear them say. The managerial ring also includes leading meetings and managing teams, both essential capabilities for today’s leaders.
3. Corporate Communication. Corporate communication involves expansion from the managerial skills to those abilities needed to lead an organization and address a broader community. Communication becomes even more complex when managers move into the position of needing to think about how best to communicate to all internal and external stakeholders. Again, any good communication depends on having a strategy, but as the audiences become more diverse and larger, the communication strategy becomes more complicated. Leaders will find as they move into higher levels of an organization that they become the leader of change programs and vision development. In addition, they become the company’s face and voice for the public.
5.Projecting a Positive Leadership Image
Leadership communication depends on the ability to project a positive image, or more specifically, a positive ethos, inside an organization and outside. To understand ethos, it helps to look back at the original definitions found in the writing of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle identified three types of persuasive appeals: (1) logos, (2) pathos, and (3) ethos. Logos is an appeal based upon the logic of an argument, while pathos is an appeal based on the use of emotions. Ethos is an appeal based on the perceived character of the sender of the message. Is the person trustworthy, confident, believable, knowledgeable, and a man or woman of integrity? If the audience does not trust or believe the speaker or writer, logic or emotion will have little persuasive force.
For Aristotle, ethos is the most important persuasive device: the “character of the speaker may almost be called the most effective means of persuasion he possesses” (Roberts, 1954). Therefore, “the orator must not only try to make the argument of his speech demonstrative and worthy of belief; he must also make his own character look right and put his hearers, who are to decide, into the right frame of mind” (Roberts, 1954).
The word “image” is often associa
2. เป็นผู้นำและการสื่อสารเชื่อมต่อ นักวิจัยแทบตกลงอย่างสมบูรณ์ในส่วนเพื่อกำหนดความเป็นผู้นำ แต่ส่วนใหญ่จะเห็นว่า ผู้นำคือ บุคคล ที่ให้คำแนะนำ โดยตรง จูงใจ แรงบันดาลใจให้ผู้อื่น พวกเขาเป็นชายและหญิงที่มีอิทธิพลต่อผู้อื่น ในองค์กร หรือ ในชุมชน เขาสั่งความสนใจของคนอื่น พวกเขาชักชวนผู้อื่นทำตามได้ หรือไล่ตามเป้าหมายที่กำหนด ควบคุมผู้นำสื่อสาร: การสื่อสารวิธีการสำหรับผู้บริหารระดับอาวุโสโดย Deborah J. Barrett, Ph.D. คู่มือของธุรกิจกลยุทธ์มรกตกลุ่มประกาศ 2006 สถานการณ์หน้า 385-390 พวกเขาปรับปรุงประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของกลุ่มและองค์กร พวกเขาได้รับผล บุคคลเหล่านี้อาจเป็นประธานาธิบดีของประเทศหรือ CEOs ของบริษัท แต่พวกเขาอาจ พวกเขาได้พนักงานที่ก้าวไปข้างหน้ากับ mentor น้อยมีประสบการณ์อายุพนักงาน ผู้จัดการที่ทีมประสบความสำเร็จของโครงการโดยตรง หรือรองประธานาธิบดีผู้นำหน่วยงาน และจูงใจพนักงานของตนเพื่อให้บรรลุเป้าหมายของบริษัท ผ่านสารที่มีประสิทธิภาพ ผู้นำนำ ทักษะการสื่อสารที่ดีเปิด สร้าง และสร้างความเข้าใจและความน่าเชื่อถือจำเป็นต้องส่งเสริมให้ผู้อื่นทำตามผู้นำ ไม่ มีสารที่มีประสิทธิภาพ ผู้จัดการสำเร็จน้อย ไม่ มีสารที่มีประสิทธิภาพ ผู้จัดการไม่ได้เป็นผู้นำที่มีประสิทธิภาพ ในความเป็นจริง การสื่อสารอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพได้ที่ช่วยให้ผู้จัดการเพื่อย้ายไปยังตำแหน่งผู้นำ การศึกษาโรงเรียนธุรกิจฮาร์วาร์ดเริ่มต้นในสิ่งที่จะบรรลุความสำเร็จ และส่งเสริมให้เกิดในองค์กรกล่าวว่า บุคคลที่ได้รับล่วงหน้าในธุรกิจบุคคล "สามารถสื่อสาร เสียงตัดสินใจ และได้รับสิ่งที่มีและ ผ่านคน" (Bowman โจนส์ Peterson, Gronouski และ Mahoney, 1964) โดยการสื่อสารได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ ผู้จัดการปรับปรุงความสามารถในการได้รับสิ่งที่มีและ ผ่านคน 3.อุปสรรคการสื่อสารที่มีประสิทธิภาพ การสื่อสารเป็นการส่งความหมายจากคนอื่น หรือ กับ คนจำนวนมาก วาจา หรือไม่ใช่วาจา สื่อสารจากบุคคลหนึ่งไปยังอีกเป็นภาพที่เป็นรูปสามเหลี่ยมอย่างง่ายประกอบด้วยบริบท ผู้ส่ง ข้อความ และรับทั่วไป (แสดง 1) แสดง 1: สามเหลี่ยมสื่อสาร จัดแสดงนี้แสดงอะไรจะสื่อสารได้ง่าย และสะดวก จะมี miscommunication หรือเกิดความเข้าใจผิดไม่ ผู้ส่งจะเข้าใจบริบท และผู้ฟัง (ผู้รับ), เลือกสื่อที่เหมาะสม และส่งข้อความที่ชัดเจน และผู้รับจะได้รับ และเข้าใจข้อความที่ตรงตามวัตถุประสงค์ผู้ส่ง ในความเป็นจริง การสื่อสารว่ามีลักษณะความแตกต่างของไดอะแกรมแสดง 2: แสดง 2: สื่อสารความเป็นจริงหรือให้สื่อสารหยุดชะงัก The complication in communication comes from the interruptions or interferences in that transmission, whether the sender causes them or the receiver. The context in which the information is sent, the noise that surrounds it, the selection of the medium, the words used in the message, the image of the speaker, etc., all influence the meaning traveling successfully, or as intended from one to another. Learning to anticipate the interruptions in the rhetorical situation, to appreciate the context, to understand the audience, to select the right medium, and to craft clear messages that allow the meaning to reach the specific receiver as intended is the foundation of effective business communication. The goal of mastering all aspects of leadership communication is to move prospective leaders as close to the ideal communication situation as possible. Leadership communication necessitates anticipating all interruptions and interferences through audience analysis and then developing a communication strategy that controls the rhetorical situation and facilitates the effective transmission of the message. 4.Definition of Leadership Communication Leadership communication is the controlled, purposeful transfer of meaning by which leaders influence a single person, a group, an organization, or a community. Leadership communication uses the full range of communication skills and resources to overcome interferences and to create and deliver messages that guide, direct, motivate, or inspire others to action. Leadership communication consists of layered, expanding skills from core strategy development and effective writing and speaking to the use of these skills in more complex organizational situations. As the manager’s perspective and control expand, he or she will need to improve the core communication skills to become effective in the larger, more complex organizational situations. Leadership communication consists of three primary rings (1) core, (2) managerial, and (3) corporate (Exhibit 3). The higher up in an organization a manager moves, the more complex his or her communication demands become. The core communication ability represented in the center of the framework below expands to the managerial communication ring and then further to the communication capabilities included at the broader corporate communication ring (Barrett, 2006). Exhibit 3: The Leadership Communication Framework The framework is not meant to suggest a hierarchy, which is why it is depicted as a spiral. All effective communications depends on the core skills at the center of the spiral. These are the more individual skills. Leaders in any organization must master the skills at the core (strategy, writing, and speaking), but they also need to expand their skills to include those needed to lead and manage groups, such skills as emotional intelligence, cultural literacy, listening, managing teams and meetings, and coaching and mentoring. Eventually, particularly when they move into the higher-levels of organizational leadership, they will need to develop the capabilities in the outer circle, the corporate communication skills – employee relations, change communication, media relations, crisis communication, and image and reputation management. 1. Core Communication. Communication strategy is included in the core, but managers will find they always need to take a strategic approach to be a master of leadership communication. Strategy is the foundation on which any effective communication depends. Leaders need to be able to analyze an audience in every situation and develop a communication strategy that facilitates accomplishing their communication objectives. Managers need to be able to structure and write effective simple and complex correspondence and documents, from e-mails and memos to proposals and reports. They need to be able to write and to speak in the language expected of business leaders, language that is clear, correct, and concise. In addition, they need to be able to create and deliver oral presentations confidently and persuasively, using graphics that contribute to delivering your messages. These are the capabilities at the core of all business communication. Success in managerial and corporate communication depends on mastering these core capabilities. 2. Managerial Communication. Managerial communication capabilities build on the core abilities. They are the capabilities that more directly involve managing others, from one-on-one contact to interacting with groups and the broader organization. They are the skills needed to interact with individuals and to manage groups. Managerial communication begins with emotional intelligence or interpersonal skills and an understanding of cross-cultural differences needed to interact effectively with others as individuals or groups. Listening is an essential skill in any rhetorical situation, but is pictured aligned more with the managerial ring because managing others effectively requires even greater attention to hearing what others say, simply what we think we hear them say. The managerial ring also includes leading meetings and managing teams, both essential capabilities for today’s leaders. 3. Corporate Communication. Corporate communication involves expansion from the managerial skills to those abilities needed to lead an organization and address a broader community. Communication becomes even more complex when managers move into the position of needing to think about how best to communicate to all internal and external stakeholders. Again, any good communication depends on having a strategy, but as the audiences become more diverse and larger, the communication strategy becomes more complicated. Leaders will find as they move into higher levels of an organization that they become the leader of change programs and vision development. In addition, they become the company’s face and voice for the public.
5.Projecting a Positive Leadership Image
Leadership communication depends on the ability to project a positive image, or more specifically, a positive ethos, inside an organization and outside. To understand ethos, it helps to look back at the original definitions found in the writing of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle identified three types of persuasive appeals: (1) logos, (2) pathos, and (3) ethos. Logos is an appeal based upon the logic of an argument, while pathos is an appeal based on the use of emotions. Ethos is an appeal based on the perceived character of the sender of the message. Is the person trustworthy, confident, believable, knowledgeable, and a man or woman of integrity? If the audience does not trust or believe the speaker or writer, logic or emotion will have little persuasive force.
For Aristotle, ethos is the most important persuasive device: the “character of the speaker may almost be called the most effective means of persuasion he possesses” (Roberts, 1954). Therefore, “the orator must not only try to make the argument of his speech demonstrative and worthy of belief; he must also make his own character look right and put his hearers, who are to decide, into the right frame of mind” (Roberts, 1954).
The word “image” is often associa
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