Environmental problems are making it necessary to find renewable and sustainable alternatives to fossil
fuels in the field of transport. Biodiesel may replace diesel fuel under an environmentally friendly and
economically sound process, as long as the raw material employed is of low cost and can be derived from
sustainable sources. Such an alternative feedstock from non-vegetable sources could be provided by
microbial oil produced by oleaginous microorganisms that may possess similar chemical composition
to that of the most commonly used vegetable oils in the biodiesel industry. Moreover, oleaginous yeasts
could accumulate intracellular lipids through cultivation on various agro-industrial wastes. Oleaginous
yeasts may accumulate different amounts of microbial oil with varying fatty acid profiles, depending
on the substrate or growing conditions. This review presents the most relevant aspects regarding yeast
oil production using agro-industrial waste as culture media and evaluates the potential of this microbial
oil as feedstock for biodiesel production.