By examining local national factors that influence early adoption of the standards, another contribution of this study is our demonstration of the limited interactive impact of the potential counter-pressure of nationalism. That is, we find that countries with higher resource dependence adopted at the strongest level, regardless of their levels of nationalism. Only in conditions of lower resource dependency did nationalism have an impact on countries' adoption levels where countries with lower levels of nationalism were more likely to permit the standards. It is important to acknowledge that country-level mandates that require or permit certain standards do not guarantee proper implementation and enforcement.