Log (Gross Proceeds) (-): Michaely and Shaw (1994) and Ritter (1986) found that IPOs offer size is negatively correlated with IPO underpricing and they assume that larger IPOs are less uncertain. However, the model presented by Habib & Ljungqvist (1998) shows that offer size cannot be used as a proxy for uncertainty, since the larger the offer size, the larger the losses led by underpricing, and therefore lower underpricing. To be coherent with previous empirical studies, I include log(Gross Proceeds) in the model. Gross Proceeds is calculated by number of shares offered multiplied by offer price.