SLA research has also examined specific language skills that can be effectively developed with the use of music
and song, such as explicit development of listening discrimination and comprehension.
cues to aid prosodic memory, which is confirmed by research into vocabulary recall attached to visual or
auditory cues (Brown & Perry, 1991), and research into music-dependent memory using background musical
cues with specific target vocabulary (Balch, Bowman & Mohler, 1992). Brutten, Angelis and Perkins (1985)
explored this research further by testing oral proficiency using musical ability and memory in English language
learners and suggested that innate musical abilities and verbal memory may have accounted for score variances.