See also: Apollo 11—Lunar surface operations
"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind"
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Although the official NASA flight plan called for a crew rest period before extra-vehicular activity, Armstrong requested that the EVA be moved to earlier in the evening, Houston time. Once Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, Eagle was depressurized, the hatch was opened and Armstrong made his way down the ladder first.
At the bottom of the ladder Armstrong said, "I'm going to step off the LEM now" (referring to theApollo Lunar Module). He then turned and set his left boot on the lunar surface at 2:56 UTC July 21, 1969,[80] then spoke the famous words, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."[81]
Play media
Armstrong describes
the lunar surface.
Armstrong prepared his famous epigram on his own.[82] In a post-flight press conference, he said that he decided on the words "just prior to leaving the LM [lunar module]."[83] In a 1983 interview in Esquire Magazine, Armstrong explained toGeorge Plimpton: "I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touchdown on the moon surface were about even money—fifty–fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing."[82]In 2012, brother Dean Armstrong claimed that Neil had shown him a note with a draft of the line months before the launch,[84] although historian Andrew Chaikin, who had interviewed the astronaut in 1988 for his book A Man on the Moon, disputed that he had ever claimed coming up with the line spontaneously during the mission.[85]
Recordings of Armstrong's transmission do not evidence the indefinite article "a" before "man", though NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static had obscured it. Armstrong stated he would never make such a mistake, but after repeated listenings to recordings, he eventually admitted he must have dropped the "a".[81] He later said he "would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended, even if it was not said—although it might actually have been".[86]
Armstrong on the Moon
It has since been claimed that acoustic analysis of the recording reveals the presence of the missing "a";[81][87] Peter Shann Ford, an Australia-based computer programmer, conducted a digital audio analysis and claims that Armstrong did, in fact, say "a man", but the "a" was inaudible due to the limitations of communications technology of the time.[81][88][89]Ford and James R. Hansen, Armstrong's authorized biographer, presented these findings to Armstrong and NASA representatives, who conducted their own analysis.[90]Armstrong found Ford's analysis "persuasive."[91] However, the article by Ford was published on Ford's own web site rather than in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, and linguists David Beaver and Mark Liberman wrote of their skepticism of Ford's claims on the blog Language Log.[92]Thus, NASA's transcript continues to show the "a" in parentheses.[93]
When Armstrong made his proclamation, Voice of America was rebroadcast live via the BBC and many other stations worldwide. The estimated global audience at that moment was 450 million listeners,[94] out of a then estimated world population of 3.631 billion people.[95]
Armstrong, one or two minutes before taking the first step onto the Moon.
About 20 minutes after the first step, Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface and became the second human to set foot on the Moon, and the duo began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface. Early on, they unveiled a plaque commemorating their flight, and also planted the flag of the United States. The flag used on this mission had a metal rod to hold it horizontal from its pole. Since the rod did not fully extend, and the flag was tightly folded and packed during the journey, the flag ended up with a slightly wavy appearance, as if there were a breeze.[96] Shortly after their flag planting, PresidentRichard Nixon spoke to them by a telephone call from his office. The President spoke for about a minute, after which Armstrong responded for about thirty seconds.[97]
In the entire Apollo 11 photographic record, there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected. The mission was planned to the minute, with the majority of photographic tasks to be performed by Armstrong with a single Hasselblad camera.[98]
After helping to set up the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package, Armstrong went for a walk to what is now known as East Crater, 65 yards (59 m) east of the LM, the greatest distance traveled from the LM on the mission. Armstrong's final task was to remind Aldrin to leave a small package of memorial items to deceased Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov, and Apollo 1 astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger B. Chaffee.[99] The time spent on EVA during Apollo 11 was about two and a half hours, the shortest of any of the six Apollo lunar landing missions;[100] each of the subsequent five landings were allotted gradually longer periods for EVA activities—the crew of Apollo 17, by comparison, spent over 22 hours exploring the lunar surface.[100]
In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited his Moon walk to two hours because they were unsure how the spacesuits would handle the extreme temperature of the Moon.[101]
In 2013, Popular Science's photo gallery included a photo that Armstrong took of Aldrin but his own image is visible on Aldrin's helmet as one of the best astronaut selfies.[102]
Return to Earth
Neil Armstrong shaking hands with kingMohammad Reza Pahlavi of Persia duringApollo 11 astronauts' visit to Tehran from October 28–31, 1969
The Apollo 11 crew and PresidentNixon during the post-mission quarantine period.
After they re-entered the LM, the hatch was closed and sealed. While preparing for the liftoff from the lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin discovered that, in their bulky spacesuits, they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine; using part of a pen, they pushed the circuit breaker in to activate the launch sequence.[103] The lunar module then continued to its rendezvous and docked with Columbia, the command and service module. The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, to be picked up by the USS Hornet.[104]
After being released from an 18-day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or diseases from the Moon, the crew were feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour. Armstrong then took part in Bob Hope's 1969USO show, primarily to Vietnam.[105]
Later from October 29-31, 1969 he and the rest of the Apollo 11 astronauts visited the city ofTehran, capital of Persia where he met king Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the rest of the nations royal family.
In May 1970, Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International Committee on Space Research; after arriving in Leningrad from Poland, he traveled to Moscow where he met Premier Alexei Kosygin. He was the first westerner to see the supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 and was given a tour of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, which Armstrong described as "a bit Victorian in nature".[106] At the end of the day, he was surprised to view delayed video of the launch of Soyuz 9—it had not occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place, even though Valentina Tereshkova had been his host and her husband, Andriyan Nikolayev, was on board.[107]
Life after Apollo
Teaching
Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering
at Purdue University
Armstrong announced shortly after the Apollo 11 flight that he did not plan to fly in space again.[108] He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), but served in this position for only a year, and resigned from it and NASA as a whole in 1971.[109]
He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati,[110] having decided on Cincinnati over other universities, including his alma mater, Purdue, because it had a small aerospace department; he hoped that the faculty members would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only the USC master's degree.[111] He began the work while stationed at Edwards years before, and finally completed it after Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo, instead of a thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight. The official job title he received at Cincinnati was University Professor of Aerospace Engineering. After teaching for eight years, he resigned in 1979 without explaining his reason for leaving.[112]
NASA accident investigations
Armstrong served on two spaceflight accident investigations. The first was in 1970, after Apollo 13, where as part of Edgar Cortright's panel, he produced a detailed chronology of the flight. Armstrong personally opposed the report's recommendation to re-design the service module's oxygen tanks, the source of the explosion.[113] In 1986, President Ronald Reagan appointed him to the Rogers Commission which investigated the Space-shuttle Challenger disaster of that year. As vice-chairman, Armstrong was in charge of the operational side of the commission.[114]
Business activities
Neil Armstrong (second from right in the middle row) visits with U.S. Air Force members during a March 2010 USO stop in Southwest Asia. Seated next to him on the left are astronauts Jim Lovell andGene Cernan.
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971, he acted as a spokesman for several businesses. The first comp
ดู: อพอลโล 11 — ดำเนินการพื้นผิวดวงจันทร์"นั่นคือหนึ่งขั้นตอนขนาดเล็กสำหรับคน [a] เผ่นยักษ์หนึ่งสำหรับมนุษย์"ปัญหาในการเล่นแฟ้มนี้หรือไม่ ดูสื่อช่วยแม้ว่าทางนาซ่าบินแผนเรียกช่วงเวลาเหลือลูกเรือก่อนกิจกรรมพิเศษยานพาหนะคิรี อาร์มสตรองร้องขอว่า EVA ที่ย้ายไปก่อนหน้านี้ในช่วงเย็น ฮุสตันครั้ง เมื่ออาร์มสตรองและอัลดรินก็พร้อมที่จะไปนอก อีเกิลถูก depressurized ขณะที่เปิด และอาร์มสตรองทำเขาลงบันไดก่อนที่ด้านล่างของบันได อาร์มสตรองว่า "ฉันจะไปขั้นตอนปิด LEM ตอนนี้" (อ้างถึง theApollo ดวงจันทร์) เขาเปิด แล้วตั้งบูตเขาซ้ายบนจันทรคติผิวที่ 2:56 UTC 21 กรกฎาคม 2512, [80] แล้วพูดคำที่มีชื่อเสียง "ซึ่งเป็นขั้นตอนเล็ก ๆ หนึ่งใน [] ชาย เผ่นยักษ์หนึ่งสำหรับมนุษย์" [81]เล่นสื่ออธิบายอาร์มสตรองพื้นผิวดวงจันทร์อาร์มสตรองพร้อม epigram ของเขามีชื่อเสียงในของเขาเอง [82] แถลงข่าวหลังบิน เขากล่าวว่า เขาตัดสินใจคำ "ก่อนออกจาก LM [ดวง]" [83] ในสัมภาษณ์ 1983 ในนิตยสารโฮ อาร์มสตรองอธิบาย toGeorge Plimpton: "ฉันมักจะรู้ว่า มีโอกาสดีจะกลับไปโลก แต่ฉันคิดว่า โอกาสของเหรียญประสบความสำเร็จบนพื้นผิวดวงจันทร์ได้เกี่ยวกับเงินแม้ — ห้าสิบห้าสิบ... คนส่วนใหญ่ไม่ตระหนักถึงภารกิจที่ว่ายาก ดังนั้น ไม่เหมือนกับฉันมีจุดมากในความคิดของสิ่งที่จะบอกว่า ถ้า เราจะมีการยกเลิกการเชื่อมโยงไปถึง" [82] ใน 2012 พี่อาร์มสตรองคณบดีอ้างว่า นีลได้แสดงพระองค์ทราบ ด้วยร่างของเดือนรายการก่อนที่จะเปิดตัว, [84] แม้ว่านักประวัติศาสตร์แอนดรูว์ Chaikin ที่มีสัมภาษณ์นักบินอวกาศที่ 1988 ในหนังสือของเขา A มนุษย์บนดวงจันทร์ มีข้อโต้แย้งที่ ได้เคยอ้างว่า มากับบรรทัดทหลายระหว่างภารกิจ [85]บันทึกของอาร์มสตรองส่งหลักฐานบทความไม่จำกัด "เป็น" ก่อน "คน" แม้ว่าอาร์มสตรองและ NASA ยืนยันปีที่ คงได้บดบังมัน อาร์มสตรองกล่าวเขาจะไม่ทำให้ความผิดพลาด แต่หลังจาก listenings ซ้ำการบันทึก เขาก็ยอมรับเขาต้องตก "a" [81] เขาในภายหลังว่า เขา "หวังว่า ประวัติศาสตร์จะให้ทั่วสำหรับปล่อยเสียงตัวฉัน และเข้าใจว่า มันไม่แน่นอนไว้ แม้ว่าจะไม่กล่าวคือแม้ว่ามันอาจจะมีการ" [86]อาร์มสตรองบนดวงจันทร์มีตั้งแต่ถูกอ้างว่า วิเคราะห์ระดับของการบันทึกพบว่า ของหายไป "เป็น" [81] [87] ปีเตอร์ฟอร์ด Shann โปรแกรมเมอร์เป็นคอมพิวเตอร์แบบออสเตรเลีย ดำเนินการวิเคราะห์เสียงดิจิตอลและร้องเรียนว่าอาร์มสตรอง ในความเป็นจริง ไม่กล่าวว่า "มนุษย์" แต่ "a" inaudible เนื่องจากข้อจำกัดของเทคโนโลยีการสื่อสารของเวลา [81] [88] [89] ฟอร์ดและ James R. แฮนเซ่น ชีวประวัติของอาร์มสตรองได้รับอนุญาต นำเสนอผลการวิจัยเหล่านี้ให้อาร์มสตรองและ NASA แทน ที่ดำเนินการวิเคราะห์ตนเอง [90] อาร์มสตรองพบวิเคราะห์ของฟอร์ด "persuasive" [91] อย่างไรก็ตาม บทความ โดยฟอร์ดได้เผยแพร่ บนเว็บไซต์ของฟอร์ดเองแทนที่ จะทานเพียร์วิทยาศาสตร์ราย และนักภาษาศาสตร์ David บีเวอร์และ Liberman หมายเขียนของความสงสัยของเรียกร้องของฟอร์ดในบล็อกล็อกภาษา [92] ดังนั้น เสียงบรรยายของนาซายังคงแสดง "a" ในเครื่องหมายวงเล็บ [93]เมื่ออาร์มสตรองของเขาประกาศ เสียงของอเมริกาถูก rebroadcast สด BBC และหลายอื่น ๆ สถานีทั่วโลก ผู้ชมทั่วโลกประเมินขณะที่มีผู้ฟัง 450 ล้าน , [94] ออกแล้วการประเมินประชากรโลก 3631 ล้านคน [95]อาร์มสตรอง หนึ่ง หรือสองนาทีก่อนก้าวแรกบนดวงจันทร์About 20 minutes after the first step, Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface and became the second human to set foot on the Moon, and the duo began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface. Early on, they unveiled a plaque commemorating their flight, and also planted the flag of the United States. The flag used on this mission had a metal rod to hold it horizontal from its pole. Since the rod did not fully extend, and the flag was tightly folded and packed during the journey, the flag ended up with a slightly wavy appearance, as if there were a breeze.[96] Shortly after their flag planting, PresidentRichard Nixon spoke to them by a telephone call from his office. The President spoke for about a minute, after which Armstrong responded for about thirty seconds.[97]In the entire Apollo 11 photographic record, there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected. The mission was planned to the minute, with the majority of photographic tasks to be performed by Armstrong with a single Hasselblad camera.[98]After helping to set up the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package, Armstrong went for a walk to what is now known as East Crater, 65 yards (59 m) east of the LM, the greatest distance traveled from the LM on the mission. Armstrong's final task was to remind Aldrin to leave a small package of memorial items to deceased Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov, and Apollo 1 astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger B. Chaffee.[99] The time spent on EVA during Apollo 11 was about two and a half hours, the shortest of any of the six Apollo lunar landing missions;[100] each of the subsequent five landings were allotted gradually longer periods for EVA activities—the crew of Apollo 17, by comparison, spent over 22 hours exploring the lunar surface.[100]In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited his Moon walk to two hours because they were unsure how the spacesuits would handle the extreme temperature of the Moon.[101]In 2013, Popular Science's photo gallery included a photo that Armstrong took of Aldrin but his own image is visible on Aldrin's helmet as one of the best astronaut selfies.[102]Return to EarthNeil Armstrong shaking hands with kingMohammad Reza Pahlavi of Persia duringApollo 11 astronauts' visit to Tehran from October 28–31, 1969The Apollo 11 crew and PresidentNixon during the post-mission quarantine period.After they re-entered the LM, the hatch was closed and sealed. While preparing for the liftoff from the lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin discovered that, in their bulky spacesuits, they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine; using part of a pen, they pushed the circuit breaker in to activate the launch sequence.[103] The lunar module then continued to its rendezvous and docked with Columbia, the command and service module. The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, to be picked up by the USS Hornet.[104]After being released from an 18-day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or diseases from the Moon, the crew were feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour. Armstrong then took part in Bob Hope's 1969USO show, primarily to Vietnam.[105]Later from October 29-31, 1969 he and the rest of the Apollo 11 astronauts visited the city ofTehran, capital of Persia where he met king Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the rest of the nations royal family.In May 1970, Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International Committee on Space Research; after arriving in Leningrad from Poland, he traveled to Moscow where he met Premier Alexei Kosygin. He was the first westerner to see the supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 and was given a tour of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, which Armstrong described as "a bit Victorian in nature".[106] At the end of the day, he was surprised to view delayed video of the launch of Soyuz 9—it had not occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place, even though Valentina Tereshkova had been his host and her husband, Andriyan Nikolayev, was on board.[107]Life after ApolloTeachingNeil Armstrong Hall of Engineeringat Purdue UniversityArmstrong announced shortly after the Apollo 11 flight that he did not plan to fly in space again.[108] He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), but served in this position for only a year, and resigned from it and NASA as a whole in 1971.[109]He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati,[110] having decided on Cincinnati over other universities, including his alma mater, Purdue, because it had a small aerospace department; he hoped that the faculty members would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only the USC master's degree.[111] He began the work while stationed at Edwards years before, and finally completed it after Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo, instead of a thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight. The official job title he received at Cincinnati was University Professor of Aerospace Engineering. After teaching for eight years, he resigned in 1979 without explaining his reason for leaving.[112]NASA accident investigationsArmstrong served on two spaceflight accident investigations. The first was in 1970, after Apollo 13, where as part of Edgar Cortright's panel, he produced a detailed chronology of the flight. Armstrong personally opposed the report's recommendation to re-design the service module's oxygen tanks, the source of the explosion.[113] In 1986, President Ronald Reagan appointed him to the Rogers Commission which investigated the Space-shuttle Challenger disaster of that year. As vice-chairman, Armstrong was in charge of the operational side of the commission.[114]Business activities
Neil Armstrong (second from right in the middle row) visits with U.S. Air Force members during a March 2010 USO stop in Southwest Asia. Seated next to him on the left are astronauts Jim Lovell andGene Cernan.
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971, he acted as a spokesman for several businesses. The first comp
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