Government organization, or, more accurately, reorganization, is a subject near and dear to the discipline of public administration and a perennial feature of American politics. For virtually the length of the twentieth century, and continuing into the twenty-first, critics have argued that the central problem of government is poor management. In other words, the basic problem with government is administrative: It is ineffectively organized and inefficiently run. The orthodox response of public administration scholarship to this problem is to impose the politics administration dichotomy, and on the administrative side, to organize government agencies by functional responsibility, put them into a logical hierarchy with one another, and clearly assign authority and responsibility within these hierarchies. In various guises through various administrations, such efforts were repeatedly made long after Waldo, Gaus, and others had pointed out that the conceptual foundation that supported such efforts was untenable. All these efforts at reorganization largely failed to meet their objectives when they ran into political difficulties.