(e.g. Etzelm¨ uller and
others, 1993). Total volume change (ΔV) was obtained by
summing the i pixel values (hi2003 − hi2005) between each
difference DEM contained within the larger glacier surface,
A (2003), and multiplying by the area lp
2 represented by each
pixel (where lp is the grid spacing) expressed as:
ΔV = lp
2
A
(hi2003 − hi2005). (1)
Mean volume change ΔV averaged over the glacier
surface was calculated by dividing ΔV by area A. ΔV was
then divided by the time between epochs to calculate mean
annual volume changes (ΔV/Δt).