4. Results4.1. Environmental resource valueThe generalized environment resources value of Shenzhen Citytotaled 47.61 billion RMB in 2005, of which Longgang Districthad the highest value (16.76 billion RMB) (Table 1). The otherdistricts were ranked in the following descending order: Bao’an Dis-trict > Nanshan District > Futian District > Luohu District > YantianDistrict. In 2005, the average GERV in the districts of ShenzhenCity totals 24.18 RMB/m2. Among the different items comprisingGERV, land value had a much higher percentage, with the lowestpercentage of 69.57% in Longgang District and the highest percent-age of 90.7% in heavily urbanized Futian District. GERV indicatedthe requirements of socially, economically and ecologically com-prehensive development in an urban area. Fig. 3(a) indicated thatthe GERV in SSEZ was generally larger than that in the non-SSEZarea. From the viewpoint of GERV, the GDP per GERV indicated thateconomic-environmental potential of Futian District was the high-est (Table 2), followed by that of Nanshan District, Luohu District,Bao’an District, Yantian District, and Longgang District.The ERVNS in the districts of Shenzhen in 2005 totals 6.6billion RMB, of which Longgang District had the highest valuetotaling 3.0 billion RMB, and other districts were in the followingorder: Bao’an District > Nanshan District > Yantian District > LuohuDistrict > Futian District (Table 2). In 2005, the average ERVNS inthe districts of Shenzhen City was 3.35 RMB/m2, of which Yan-tian District had the highest value totaling 4.05 RMB/m2, and theorder of other districts was as follows: Longgang District > LuohuDistrict > Bao’an District > Nanshan District > Futian District.Among the different items of ERVNS, ecosystem services had amuch higher percentage, over 93% for all districts. ERVNS was inaccordance with the spatial pattern of the vegetation (Fig. 4). GDPper ERVNS of Futian District was the highest, followed by that ofLuohu District, Nanshan District, Yantian District, Bao’an District,and Longgang District (Table 2). Among the six districts of Shen-zhen City, Futian District had the lowest GERV and ERVNS, whereasLonggang District had the highest GERV and ERVNS.4.2. Urban ecological networkThe total cover of ECAs in Shenzhen was 974.5 km2, and occu-pied about half of the administrative area of the city (Fig. 4). GERVand ERVNS of ECAs accounted for 30.8% and 73.8% of the totalamounts, respectively. The total length of Shenzhen’s ecologicalcorridors was 615.19 km, of which the length within the ECAstotaled 368.99 km, accounting for about 60% of the total length (seeFig. 4 and Table 3).Based on our analysis of the urban environmental resources andservices in Shenzhen presented above, and to improve its environ-mental and socioeconomic sustainability in the future, we proposean ecological network-based landscape design that consists of 10major corridors. In the following, we describe the key features andfunctions of these 10 corridors.(1) Natural ecological corridor along the north boundary. Thesurrounding area of the corridor was important habitat, andhad such ecological conservation functions as water sourceprotection, water and soil conservation, carbon sequestra-tion and oxygen generation, moderation of greenhouse effects,reduction of noises and dusts, degradation of poisonous sub-stances, and provision of migration passages for wildlife.Meanwhile, it also exerted restrictions on further unrestrictedurban sprawl, connected several towns, and provided an eco-logical shield for the northern part of the city.(2) Green traffic corridor along Jihe Expressway. The main bodyof the corridor is along Jihe Expressway and it is a trafficcorridor in the areas outside Shenzhen City. Jihe Expresswaydivides up the natural environment in the north area, andcauses heavy traffic pollutions. Green traffic corridor servesthe purpose of absorption, reduction and moderation of trafficpollution.(3) Yangtai Mountain-Wutong Mountain-Pingshan River eco-logical corridor. Yangtai Mountain-Wutong Mountain-Pingshan River ecological corridor, connecting six districts andlarge forest patches and reservoirs, is an important ecologi-cal corridor of Shenzhen City, especially has vital significancein ensuring the quality of the urban environment in NanshanDistrict, Luohu District, Futian District, and Yantian District.The great mountains and green spaces around the corridorare important habitats for the living beings such as rare birds,and such zone is one of the areas with the most diversifiedliving beings in Shenzhen. Additionally, the large reservoirs,such as Tiegang Reservoir, Shenzhen Reservoir, are importantdrinkable water sources. Therefore, these ecological services,such as biodiversity conservation, soil and water preserva-tion, water source conservation, and beautification of the city,shall be provided. The construction of the ecological corri-dor aims to avoid ecological isolated island due to humaninterruptions during urbanization and prevent the urbaniza-tion process from spreading disorderly, and will become animportant penetration passage for external natural ecologicalprocess to the urban texture.(4) West coastal area-Shenzhen River ecological corridor.The west Coastal Area-Shenzhen River ecological corridoris both an interface of water and land and a space forsubstance exchanges; the coastal wetland is an importanthabitat and a food source for birds, also a key place wherethe fish migrates, so it has great significance in promotingthe air flow, climate adjustment, emission and degradationof pollutants, and beautification of urban landscapes. Theconstruction of the coastal corridor has also great signifi-cance in controlling the flood in the city and preventing theseawater encroachment from happening. Corridor construc-tion around Shenzhen River also plays important roles inconserving water source, protecting slopes and preventing soilerosion.(5) Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expressway-Nanhai Highway eco-logical corridor. This traffic corridor has multiple functionsrelated to assisting other natural corridors in absorbing,reducing, and moderating the traffic pollution. Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expressway and Nanhai Highway separate thenatural environment in the west from that in the east ofShenzhen City, and are not favorable for the migration and dif-fusion of the species. Through the construction of multi-levelgreen corridor connecting Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expresswayand Nanhai Highway, multiple green passages will form andbecome important penetration passages of external naturalprocess to the urban fabric, and are favorable for absorptionof air pollutants and reduction of traffic noises.(6) Maozhou River-Shiyan Reservoir-Dasha River ecologicalcorridor. The main body of this corridor is a natural water-course connecting the north and south of Shenzhen City. Thesurroundings of the corridor have sufficient water systemswhich can provide the ecological services such as water sup-ply, substance transportation, and biological migration. Afterexperiencing rapid urbanization, the flood control function inpart of the towns in Shenzhen is still not perfect, so MaozhouRiver-Shiyan Reservoir-Dasha River ecological corridor has anirreplaceable function in regulating and storing the flood inthe city, and is also favorable for reduction of the heat islandeffect around the urban area, and is an important habitat forrare birds in Shenzhen City.(7) Guanlan River-Futian Center ecological corridor. This corri-dor runs through the constructed districts including Bao’anDistrict and Futian District, and the main functions of thecorridor are oriented toward the absorption, reduction anddegradation of the urban pollutions, increase of the green landquantity of high-density districts, reduction of the heat islandeffect around the urban area, and absorption of the trafficnoises in the core area. The river section of the corridor is animportant habitat for animals (especially for birds), and hasgreat significance in regulating and storing urban floods.(8) Pinghu-Buji-Shenzhen River ecological corridor. This cor-ridor can improve the biodiversity of the urban ecosystem,and have great significance in water source conservation,soil and water preservation, carbon fixation, oxygen release,absorption of noises, dust prevention, degradation of poi-sonous substances, effective regulation and storage of urbanflood, reduction of heat island effect, adjustment of urbanatmosphere environment; providing the wildlife with habitatsand migration passages, effectively prevent the urbanizationfor disordered expansion, and create a sound environmentaround the corridor.(9) Meishajian-Heao-Qiusheng Ridge ecological corridor. Yan-tian District is surrounded by Wutong Mountain and MalanMountain and circled by sea. Yantian Port is one of the impor-tant logistics centers for foreign trades in Shenzhen City.Meishajian-Heao-Qiusheng Ridge ecological corridor extendsalong Pinghu-Yantian Railway from Yantian District in thesouth to Longgang District in the north, so it is an impor-tant access from Longgang District to Yantian Port, and thesurrounding mountains are more heterogeneous spatially.These coterminous and interdependent mountains can effec-tively prevent ecological isolated islands due to various humaninterruptions, and have the function of assisting other natu-ral ecological corridors. Multiple green paths are formed andbecome important passages for extension and penetrationof surrounding natural ecological process to urban texture,through construction of multi-level greenbelts on both sidesof the urban roads and traffic routes.(10) Longgang River-Pingshan River-Dapeng Peninsula ecolog-ical corridor. The natural ecosystem within the scope of thecorridor is high in species richness, high stability and morespatially heterogeneous; the corridor can improve the con-nectivity of the natural ecosystem, provide additional habitat,improve biodiversity in the whole city, conserve the
4. Results4.1. Environmental resource valueThe generalized environment resources value of Shenzhen Citytotaled 47.61 billion RMB in 2005, of which Longgang Districthad the highest value (16.76 billion RMB) (Table 1). The otherdistricts were ranked in the following descending order: Bao’an Dis-trict > Nanshan District > Futian District > Luohu District > YantianDistrict. In 2005, the average GERV in the districts of ShenzhenCity totals 24.18 RMB/m2. Among the different items comprisingGERV, land value had a much higher percentage, with the lowestpercentage of 69.57% in Longgang District and the highest percent-age of 90.7% in heavily urbanized Futian District. GERV indicatedthe requirements of socially, economically and ecologically com-prehensive development in an urban area. Fig. 3(a) indicated thatthe GERV in SSEZ was generally larger than that in the non-SSEZarea. From the viewpoint of GERV, the GDP per GERV indicated thateconomic-environmental potential of Futian District was the high-est (Table 2), followed by that of Nanshan District, Luohu District,Bao’an District, Yantian District, and Longgang District.The ERVNS in the districts of Shenzhen in 2005 totals 6.6billion RMB, of which Longgang District had the highest valuetotaling 3.0 billion RMB, and other districts were in the followingorder: Bao’an District > Nanshan District > Yantian District > LuohuDistrict > Futian District (Table 2). In 2005, the average ERVNS inthe districts of Shenzhen City was 3.35 RMB/m2, of which Yan-tian District had the highest value totaling 4.05 RMB/m2, and theorder of other districts was as follows: Longgang District > LuohuDistrict > Bao’an District > Nanshan District > Futian District.Among the different items of ERVNS, ecosystem services had amuch higher percentage, over 93% for all districts. ERVNS was inaccordance with the spatial pattern of the vegetation (Fig. 4). GDPper ERVNS of Futian District was the highest, followed by that ofLuohu District, Nanshan District, Yantian District, Bao’an District,and Longgang District (Table 2). Among the six districts of Shen-zhen City, Futian District had the lowest GERV and ERVNS, whereasLonggang District had the highest GERV and ERVNS.4.2. Urban ecological networkThe total cover of ECAs in Shenzhen was 974.5 km2, and occu-pied about half of the administrative area of the city (Fig. 4). GERVand ERVNS of ECAs accounted for 30.8% and 73.8% of the totalamounts, respectively. The total length of Shenzhen’s ecologicalcorridors was 615.19 km, of which the length within the ECAstotaled 368.99 km, accounting for about 60% of the total length (seeFig. 4 and Table 3).Based on our analysis of the urban environmental resources andservices in Shenzhen presented above, and to improve its environ-mental and socioeconomic sustainability in the future, we proposean ecological network-based landscape design that consists of 10major corridors. In the following, we describe the key features andfunctions of these 10 corridors.(1) Natural ecological corridor along the north boundary. Thesurrounding area of the corridor was important habitat, andhad such ecological conservation functions as water sourceprotection, water and soil conservation, carbon sequestra-tion and oxygen generation, moderation of greenhouse effects,reduction of noises and dusts, degradation of poisonous sub-stances, and provision of migration passages for wildlife.Meanwhile, it also exerted restrictions on further unrestrictedurban sprawl, connected several towns, and provided an eco-logical shield for the northern part of the city.(2) Green traffic corridor along Jihe Expressway. The main bodyof the corridor is along Jihe Expressway and it is a trafficcorridor in the areas outside Shenzhen City. Jihe Expresswaydivides up the natural environment in the north area, andcauses heavy traffic pollutions. Green traffic corridor servesthe purpose of absorption, reduction and moderation of trafficpollution.(3) Yangtai Mountain-Wutong Mountain-Pingshan River eco-logical corridor. Yangtai Mountain-Wutong Mountain-Pingshan River ecological corridor, connecting six districts andlarge forest patches and reservoirs, is an important ecologi-cal corridor of Shenzhen City, especially has vital significancein ensuring the quality of the urban environment in NanshanDistrict, Luohu District, Futian District, and Yantian District.The great mountains and green spaces around the corridorare important habitats for the living beings such as rare birds,and such zone is one of the areas with the most diversifiedliving beings in Shenzhen. Additionally, the large reservoirs,such as Tiegang Reservoir, Shenzhen Reservoir, are importantdrinkable water sources. Therefore, these ecological services,such as biodiversity conservation, soil and water preserva-tion, water source conservation, and beautification of the city,shall be provided. The construction of the ecological corri-dor aims to avoid ecological isolated island due to humaninterruptions during urbanization and prevent the urbaniza-tion process from spreading disorderly, and will become animportant penetration passage for external natural ecologicalprocess to the urban texture.(4) West coastal area-Shenzhen River ecological corridor.The west Coastal Area-Shenzhen River ecological corridoris both an interface of water and land and a space forsubstance exchanges; the coastal wetland is an importanthabitat and a food source for birds, also a key place wherethe fish migrates, so it has great significance in promotingthe air flow, climate adjustment, emission and degradationof pollutants, and beautification of urban landscapes. Theconstruction of the coastal corridor has also great signifi-cance in controlling the flood in the city and preventing theseawater encroachment from happening. Corridor construc-tion around Shenzhen River also plays important roles inconserving water source, protecting slopes and preventing soilerosion.(5) Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expressway-Nanhai Highway eco-logical corridor. This traffic corridor has multiple functionsrelated to assisting other natural corridors in absorbing,reducing, and moderating the traffic pollution. Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expressway and Nanhai Highway separate thenatural environment in the west from that in the east ofShenzhen City, and are not favorable for the migration and dif-fusion of the species. Through the construction of multi-levelgreen corridor connecting Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expresswayand Nanhai Highway, multiple green passages will form andbecome important penetration passages of external naturalprocess to the urban fabric, and are favorable for absorptionof air pollutants and reduction of traffic noises.(6) Maozhou River-Shiyan Reservoir-Dasha River ecologicalcorridor. The main body of this corridor is a natural water-course connecting the north and south of Shenzhen City. Thesurroundings of the corridor have sufficient water systemswhich can provide the ecological services such as water sup-ply, substance transportation, and biological migration. Afterexperiencing rapid urbanization, the flood control function inpart of the towns in Shenzhen is still not perfect, so MaozhouRiver-Shiyan Reservoir-Dasha River ecological corridor has anirreplaceable function in regulating and storing the flood inthe city, and is also favorable for reduction of the heat islandeffect around the urban area, and is an important habitat forrare birds in Shenzhen City.(7) Guanlan River-Futian Center ecological corridor. This corri-dor runs through the constructed districts including Bao’anDistrict and Futian District, and the main functions of thecorridor are oriented toward the absorption, reduction anddegradation of the urban pollutions, increase of the green landquantity of high-density districts, reduction of the heat islandeffect around the urban area, and absorption of the trafficnoises in the core area. The river section of the corridor is animportant habitat for animals (especially for birds), and hasgreat significance in regulating and storing urban floods.(8) Pinghu-Buji-Shenzhen River ecological corridor. This cor-ridor can improve the biodiversity of the urban ecosystem,and have great significance in water source conservation,soil and water preservation, carbon fixation, oxygen release,absorption of noises, dust prevention, degradation of poi-sonous substances, effective regulation and storage of urbanflood, reduction of heat island effect, adjustment of urbanatmosphere environment; providing the wildlife with habitatsand migration passages, effectively prevent the urbanizationfor disordered expansion, and create a sound environmentaround the corridor.(9) Meishajian-Heao-Qiusheng Ridge ecological corridor. Yan-tian District is surrounded by Wutong Mountain and MalanMountain and circled by sea. Yantian Port is one of the impor-tant logistics centers for foreign trades in Shenzhen City.Meishajian-Heao-Qiusheng Ridge ecological corridor extendsalong Pinghu-Yantian Railway from Yantian District in thesouth to Longgang District in the north, so it is an impor-tant access from Longgang District to Yantian Port, and thesurrounding mountains are more heterogeneous spatially.These coterminous and interdependent mountains can effec-tively prevent ecological isolated islands due to various humaninterruptions, and have the function of assisting other natu-ral ecological corridors. Multiple green paths are formed andbecome important passages for extension and penetrationof surrounding natural ecological process to urban texture,through construction of multi-level greenbelts on both sidesof the urban roads and traffic routes.(10) Longgang River-Pingshan River-Dapeng Peninsula ecolog-ical corridor. The natural ecosystem within the scope of thecorridor is high in species richness, high stability and morespatially heterogeneous; the corridor can improve the con-nectivity of the natural ecosystem, provide additional habitat,improve biodiversity in the whole city, conserve the
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