The demographic history of the Philippines is more nuanced and does notfitdirectly with either basic models of Out-of-Taiwan or Out-of-Sundaland hypotheses. In summary, we demonstrate that the Philippinesis populated by at least 5 major waves of ancienthuman migrations (Fig 3A,B& Fig 4). The first two ischaracterized by the entry of paleolithic hunter-gatherer groups that isderived from Basal Australasian branch of modern humans, of which an earlier Negrito group branched off and entered northern Philippines via Palawan and Mindoro islands, and a subsequent branch of Basal Oceanians, as represented by Mamanwa, entered southern Philippines via Sulu archipelago.In addition, it is possible that Denisovans, and/or Homoluzonensis, were already present in the Philippines at this time, resulting in at least six major migrations to the Phillipines. In contrast to European demographic history, where the original hunter-gatherer genetic ancestry, together with their foraging practices,is largely replaced and/or diluted due to subsequent migrations(39), the Negrito ancestry in the Philippines is still largely present until today among isolated groups, accompanied by, as observed in some groups, a practice of hunting-gathering mode of subsistence.
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