Others have proposed a transactional model to represent the association between parental self-efficacy, treatment adherance, and acquisition of skills (Mah & Johnston, 2008).
Future research should examine how homework completion impacts parenting self-efficacy and subsequent parenting stress and treatment outcomes in order to explore the directionality of these associations. Additionally, when comparing mothers of preschoolers with and without developmental delay, levels of well-being are lowest among mothers of children with developmental delay and co-occurring behavior problems (Baker, Blacher, & Olsson, 2005), further highlighting the importance of examining factors related to parenting efficacy and parental mental health in this at-risk population.