nano HPLC [19]). Sample size reduction in voltammetry has mostly
been achieved by miniaturization and the development of dedicated
electrodes (see [20] for a review of pre-1997 papers).
Microfluidic devices featuring solid state microelectrodes have
been developed in the last two decades, with dramatic reduction
in sample requirements [21–23]. Nevertheless, application at the
trace and ultratrace level is presently limited to 10, rarely 5,
millilitre samples.
Aim of the present paper is to introduce a simple sample holder
enabling the reliable determination of total concentration and
speciation of metals at the ultratrace level in 500 microlitre
aliquots. The new cell not just decreases sample volume requirements:
advantages include ready adaptability to existing instrumentation
with a minimum replacement of commercial hardware
(only a new adapted stirrer is required), reduction in waste
generation by requiring 20 times less reagents, and increase in
sample throughput by reducing the purge time. The method was
applied to both freshwaters and seawater to determine total
concentrations and to perform speciation analysis of trace and
ultratrace elements: comparison with reference materials or
standard procedures, lead to a successful validation of the proposed
apparatus.
nano HPLC [19]). Sample size reduction in voltammetry has mostly
been achieved by miniaturization and the development of dedicated
electrodes (see [20] for a review of pre-1997 papers).
Microfluidic devices featuring solid state microelectrodes have
been developed in the last two decades, with dramatic reduction
in sample requirements [21–23]. Nevertheless, application at the
trace and ultratrace level is presently limited to 10, rarely 5,
millilitre samples.
Aim of the present paper is to introduce a simple sample holder
enabling the reliable determination of total concentration and
speciation of metals at the ultratrace level in 500 microlitre
aliquots. The new cell not just decreases sample volume requirements:
advantages include ready adaptability to existing instrumentation
with a minimum replacement of commercial hardware
(only a new adapted stirrer is required), reduction in waste
generation by requiring 20 times less reagents, and increase in
sample throughput by reducing the purge time. The method was
applied to both freshwaters and seawater to determine total
concentrations and to perform speciation analysis of trace and
ultratrace elements: comparison with reference materials or
standard procedures, lead to a successful validation of the proposed
apparatus.
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