where V0 and Vd are the volume of the sample (cm3) before freezing
and after drying respectively.
The volume of sample was determined by the volumetric displacement
method using glass beads with a diameter in the range
(0.105–0.210 mm) as a replacement medium (Thuwapanichayanan
et al., 2008). The measurements were performed five times
for the same sample and the average values were reported.