7. Cost and benefit analysis of pig waste
disposal methods
7.1. Estimation of costs. The costs associated with the
alternative methods of waste disposal were classified
into four categories. They are discussed below:
1. Initial costs of installation. These were the
investment costs the farmers incurred in the first
year to install or set up the necessary structure for
the respective method of waste disposal. Among
the five alternatives, the fish pond required the
least investment cost, an average of 29 baht per
cubic metre, while the biogas system required the
highest investment. The average cost of a plastic
covered lagoon was only 450 baht per cubic
metre compared to a concrete dome, which cost
about 1 303 baht per cubic metre. The average
set-up cost for the organic fertilizer method was
about 151 baht per square metre and the average
cost of establishing a deep waste disposal pond
was about 34 baht per cubic metre.
2. Costs of additional equipment. In order to use
the electricity made from biogas, farmers had to
invest in such things like a generator and gas
cleaning and processing equipment to remove
the hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. (The
generator and gas cleaning equipment can operate
for 15 years). Meanwhile, the average installation
cost of an evaporation system was 491
baht per square metre (the evaporation system
can last for five years). The total additional
equipment costs for the concrete dome and covered
lagoon biogas alternatives were an estimated
147 749 152 baht and 69 887 878 baht respectively
(Table 5). Meanwhile the total additional
equipment cost for the mixed alternative
was estimated at 23 009 000 baht (Table 5).
Therefore, it can be seen that the farmers invested
large amounts of money for biogas
equipment. This study assumed a 50 percent
loan for total additional equipment costs in the
calculations.
3. Operating and maintenance (O&M) costs. The
operating and maintenance costs and the opportunity
costs of land used (or rent) of each alternative
method varied according to the technologies of
waste disposal used by the farmers.
4. External environmental damage costs. Pollution
due to pig waste such as bad odors and water
pollution can affect the value of surrounding
properties. People will pay less for such properties.
The property value differential is an estimate
of the external environmental damage
costs as shown in item 4 under Undiscounted
Costs in Table 5. Secondary data on property
values obtained from the Provincial Land Office
was used for the estimates. Only the organic fertilizer
and deep pond waste management options
were found to create bad odours and other
adverse pollution effects. The estimated external
environmental damage costs from these methods
were about 104 970 359 baht and 9 233 400
baht respectively. The estimated property value
differentials were treated as additional costs in
the economic analysis.
7.2. Estimation of benefits. The alternative methods
of waste disposal produce different marketable
products such as biogas, fertilizer and fish, which
may be sold or used on the farm. These benefits
were taken into account in the analysis.
Biogas can be used for heating, cooking and operating
an internal combustion engines. Mostly, farmers use
this renewable energy on their own farms. However,
less than 1 percent of the biogas produced is used for
heating and cooling, and only about 17 percent is used
to generate electricity for domestic use. Very few
farms sell the excess electricity produced from biogas
to EGAT. So around 83 percent of the biogas is wasted
by simpy being released into the atmostphere.
The estimated total amount of biogas produced from
biogas digesters in the sampled farms is about 287
million cubic metres per year and it is the primary
benefit from the biogas method of waste disposal.
7. Cost and benefit analysis of pig waste
disposal methods
7.1. Estimation of costs. The costs associated with the
alternative methods of waste disposal were classified
into four categories. They are discussed below:
1. Initial costs of installation. These were the
investment costs the farmers incurred in the first
year to install or set up the necessary structure for
the respective method of waste disposal. Among
the five alternatives, the fish pond required the
least investment cost, an average of 29 baht per
cubic metre, while the biogas system required the
highest investment. The average cost of a plastic
covered lagoon was only 450 baht per cubic
metre compared to a concrete dome, which cost
about 1 303 baht per cubic metre. The average
set-up cost for the organic fertilizer method was
about 151 baht per square metre and the average
cost of establishing a deep waste disposal pond
was about 34 baht per cubic metre.
2. Costs of additional equipment. In order to use
the electricity made from biogas, farmers had to
invest in such things like a generator and gas
cleaning and processing equipment to remove
the hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. (The
generator and gas cleaning equipment can operate
for 15 years). Meanwhile, the average installation
cost of an evaporation system was 491
baht per square metre (the evaporation system
can last for five years). The total additional
equipment costs for the concrete dome and covered
lagoon biogas alternatives were an estimated
147 749 152 baht and 69 887 878 baht respectively
(Table 5). Meanwhile the total additional
equipment cost for the mixed alternative
was estimated at 23 009 000 baht (Table 5).
Therefore, it can be seen that the farmers invested
large amounts of money for biogas
equipment. This study assumed a 50 percent
loan for total additional equipment costs in the
calculations.
3. Operating and maintenance (O&M) costs. The
operating and maintenance costs and the opportunity
costs of land used (or rent) of each alternative
method varied according to the technologies of
waste disposal used by the farmers.
4. External environmental damage costs. Pollution
due to pig waste such as bad odors and water
pollution can affect the value of surrounding
properties. People will pay less for such properties.
The property value differential is an estimate
of the external environmental damage
costs as shown in item 4 under Undiscounted
Costs in Table 5. Secondary data on property
values obtained from the Provincial Land Office
was used for the estimates. Only the organic fertilizer
and deep pond waste management options
were found to create bad odours and other
adverse pollution effects. The estimated external
environmental damage costs from these methods
were about 104 970 359 baht and 9 233 400
baht respectively. The estimated property value
differentials were treated as additional costs in
the economic analysis.
7.2. Estimation of benefits. The alternative methods
of waste disposal produce different marketable
products such as biogas, fertilizer and fish, which
may be sold or used on the farm. These benefits
were taken into account in the analysis.
Biogas can be used for heating, cooking and operating
an internal combustion engines. Mostly, farmers use
this renewable energy on their own farms. However,
less than 1 percent of the biogas produced is used for
heating and cooling, and only about 17 percent is used
to generate electricity for domestic use. Very few
farms sell the excess electricity produced from biogas
to EGAT. So around 83 percent of the biogas is wasted
by simpy being released into the atmostphere.
The estimated total amount of biogas produced from
biogas digesters in the sampled farms is about 287
million cubic metres per year and it is the primary
benefit from the biogas method of waste disposal.
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7. Cost and benefit analysis of pig waste
disposal methods
7.1. Estimation of costs. The costs associated with the
alternative methods of waste disposal were classified
into four categories. They are discussed below:
1. Initial costs of installation. These were the
investment costs the farmers incurred in the first
year to install or set up the necessary structure for
the respective method of waste disposal. Among
the five alternatives, the fish pond required the
least investment cost, an average of 29 baht per
cubic metre, while the biogas system required the
highest investment. The average cost of a plastic
covered lagoon was only 450 baht per cubic
metre compared to a concrete dome, which cost
about 1 303 baht per cubic metre. The average
set-up cost for the organic fertilizer method was
about 151 baht per square metre and the average
cost of establishing a deep waste disposal pond
was about 34 baht per cubic metre.
2. Costs of additional equipment. In order to use
the electricity made from biogas, farmers had to
invest in such things like a generator and gas
cleaning and processing equipment to remove
the hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. (The
generator and gas cleaning equipment can operate
for 15 years). Meanwhile, the average installation
cost of an evaporation system was 491
baht per square metre (the evaporation system
can last for five years). The total additional
equipment costs for the concrete dome and covered
lagoon biogas alternatives were an estimated
147 749 152 baht and 69 887 878 baht respectively
(Table 5). Meanwhile the total additional
equipment cost for the mixed alternative
was estimated at 23 009 000 baht (Table 5).
Therefore, it can be seen that the farmers invested
large amounts of money for biogas
equipment. This study assumed a 50 percent
loan for total additional equipment costs in the
calculations.
3. Operating and maintenance (O&M) costs. The
operating and maintenance costs and the opportunity
costs of land used (or rent) of each alternative
method varied according to the technologies of
waste disposal used by the farmers.
4. External environmental damage costs. Pollution
due to pig waste such as bad odors and water
pollution can affect the value of surrounding
properties. People will pay less for such properties.
The property value differential is an estimate
of the external environmental damage
costs as shown in item 4 under Undiscounted
Costs in Table 5. Secondary data on property
values obtained from the Provincial Land Office
was used for the estimates. Only the organic fertilizer
and deep pond waste management options
were found to create bad odours and other
adverse pollution effects. The estimated external
environmental damage costs from these methods
were about 104 970 359 baht and 9 233 400
baht respectively. The estimated property value
differentials were treated as additional costs in
the economic analysis.
7.2. Estimation of benefits. The alternative methods
of waste disposal produce different marketable
products such as biogas, fertilizer and fish, which
may be sold or used on the farm. These benefits
were taken into account in the analysis.
Biogas can be used for heating, cooking and operating
an internal combustion engines. Mostly, farmers use
this renewable energy on their own farms. However,
less than 1 percent of the biogas produced is used for
heating and cooling, and only about 17 percent is used
to generate electricity for domestic use. Very few
farms sell the excess electricity produced from biogas
to EGAT. So around 83 percent of the biogas is wasted
by simpy being released into the atmostphere.
The estimated total amount of biogas produced from
biogas digesters in the sampled farms is about 287
million cubic metres per year and it is the primary
benefit from the biogas method of waste disposal.
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