on the contrary, all the sample firms report investments in subsidiaries that are not held for sale at cost. separate financial statements under italian GAAP are therefore widely based on the historical criterion, which could provide an explanation for the product term not being significant for separate financial statements under domestic GAAP. Evidence for separate financial statements under ifrs is instead mixed and therefore inconclusive. taken as whole, results from the product models are consistent with clarkson and suggest that the adoption of the product model is justified and should be considered by researchers when doing value-relevance research.