Two types of hybrid fillers were prepared. The first hybrid fillers
of KL and CB, designated as KL-CB, were prepared by dissolving KL
in a solvent and dispersing CB in the solution using ultrasound. For
this purpose, acetone was used as the solvent for preparation of
hybrid particles for transmission electron microscopy while 0.5 M
NH4OH was used as the solvent for hybrid fillers used in surface
area measurement. The fillers were recovered by evaporating the
solvent and used in characterization by transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and BraunereEmmetteTeller (BET) surface area
analyzer. KL-CB particles were not used in preparation of rubber
compounds. The second type of hybrid fillers, designated as LS-CB
particles, was prepared from LS and CB. Carbon black particles
were dispersed in solutions of LS inwater by ultrasound for 30 min.
The solid hybrid particles were recovered by slowly evaporating
water and then drying the residue in vacuum oven at 80 C for
24 h. The particle agglomerates were milled to size below 100 mm
and were used in preparation of rubber compounds. The LS-CB
particles in rubber compounds contained LS and CB in the
weight ratio 10:90 and 20:80, while LS-CB particles used in characterization
by Raman spectroscopy contained LS and CB in weight
ratio 3:1 and 1:1. A higher lignin concentration in specimens for
Raman spectroscopy accentuated the interactions and resulted in
higher signal fidelity.
Two types of hybrid fillers were prepared. The first hybrid fillers
of KL and CB, designated as KL-CB, were prepared by dissolving KL
in a solvent and dispersing CB in the solution using ultrasound. For
this purpose, acetone was used as the solvent for preparation of
hybrid particles for transmission electron microscopy while 0.5 M
NH4OH was used as the solvent for hybrid fillers used in surface
area measurement. The fillers were recovered by evaporating the
solvent and used in characterization by transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and BraunereEmmetteTeller (BET) surface area
analyzer. KL-CB particles were not used in preparation of rubber
compounds. The second type of hybrid fillers, designated as LS-CB
particles, was prepared from LS and CB. Carbon black particles
were dispersed in solutions of LS inwater by ultrasound for 30 min.
The solid hybrid particles were recovered by slowly evaporating
water and then drying the residue in vacuum oven at 80 C for
24 h. The particle agglomerates were milled to size below 100 mm
and were used in preparation of rubber compounds. The LS-CB
particles in rubber compounds contained LS and CB in the
weight ratio 10:90 and 20:80, while LS-CB particles used in characterization
by Raman spectroscopy contained LS and CB in weight
ratio 3:1 and 1:1. A higher lignin concentration in specimens for
Raman spectroscopy accentuated the interactions and resulted in
higher signal fidelity.
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