In Jiangyin, collective land has played the similar role of facilita-tor in rural industrialization. At the establishment stage, the TVEscould freely use collective land and did not have to pay rent. More-over, due to the slight control of collective land use, the TVEs hada fairly large autonomy in land use. Wen (1998) argues that thenearly 30% profit margin for TVEs was attributed to the use offree collective land. Different from Shunde, Jiangyin did not launchthe bottom-up institutional reform, and the use of collective landwas mostly based upon the will of the natural village. Without thebottom-up land consolidation, industrial land was more scatteredin Jiangyin than in Shunde.