Recently, governments in both India and Pakistan have used religious appeals to bolster their domestic support and justify hard-line policies in Kashmir. In the 1990s, India's Hindu-nationalist BJP began to implement strenuous anti-militant operations that impacted civilian populations, especially in the Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley. Indian security forces routinely relied on special laws issued by the Indian government (such as the Jammu and Kashmir Disturbed Ar-eas Act) to legitimize extrajudicial beatings and executions of civilians. In Pakistan, the quasi-military government of President Pervez Musharraf continued to allow Muslim militants to train and stage attacks from the Pakistani side of the Line of Control. Militant groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba wed insurgent violence with Islamist extremism. Since Musharraf's ouster in 2008, it has become increasingly clear that many of these groups, including the Pakistani Taliban and elements of Al-Qaeda, conduct their operations from ungoverned areas of Pakistan.